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Breakthrough swimming PDF

265 Pages·2002·6.211 MB·English
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Breakthrough Swimming Cecil Colwin Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Colwin, Cecil. Breakthrough swimming / Cecil M. Colwin. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7360-3777-2 1. Swimming--History. I. Title. GV836.4 .C65 2002 797.2'1'09--dc21 2001039994 ISBN-10: 0-7360-3777-2 ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-3777-8 Copyright © 2002 by Cecil M. Colwin All rights reserved. Except for use in a review, the reproduction or utilization of this work in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including xerography, photocopying, and recording, and in any information storage and retrieval system, is forbidden without the written permission of the publisher. Portions of this work are based on the book Swimming Into the 21st Century (1992), authored by Cecil M. Colwin and published by Human Kinetics. Developmental Editor: Cynthia McEntire; Assistant Editor: Scott Hawkins; Copyeditor: John Wentworth; Proof- reader: Erin Cler; Indexer: Margaret Colwin; Permission Manager: Toni Harte; Graphic Designer: Nancy Rasmus; Graphic Artist: Francine Hamerski; Photo Manager: Clark Brooks; Cover Designer: Robert Reuther; Photographer (cover): Darren England/ALLSPORT; Photographers (interior): See credit notices on page ix; Art Manager: Craig Newsom; Line Drawings: Cecil M. Colwin; figure 6.1 by Robert B. Colwin; Mac Illustrations: Interactive Composition Corporation; Printer: Versa Press Human Kinetics books are available at special discounts for bulk purchase. Special editions or book excerpts can also be created to specification. For details, contact the Special Sales Manager at Human Kinetics. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 Human Kinetics Web site: www.HumanKinetics.com United States: Human Kinetics Australia: Human Kinetics P.O. Box 5076 57A Price Avenue Champaign, IL 61825-5076 Lower Mitcham, South Australia 5062 800-747-4457 08 8372 0999 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Canada: Human Kinetics New Zealand: Human Kinetics 475 Devonshire Road Unit 100 Division of Sports Distributors NZ Ltd. Windsor, ON N8Y 2L5 P.O. Box 300 226 Albany 800-465-7301 (in Canada only) North Shore City e-mail: [email protected] Auckland 0064 9 448 1207 Europe: Human Kinetics e-mail: [email protected] 107 Bradford Road Stanningley Leeds LS28 6AT, United Kingdom +44 (0) 113 255 5665 e-mail: [email protected] To Margaret, my wife and best friend these many years Contents Acknowledgments vii Credits ix Introduction xi Part I Development of Stroke Fundamentals Chapter 1 History of the Swimming Strokes 3 Chapter 2 Breakthroughs in Stroke Techniques 33 Chapter 3 Strokes, Starts, and Turns 49 Part II Movement Through Water Chapter 4 Understanding Hydrodynamics 75 Chapter 5 Propulsive Mechanisms of Speed Swimming 91 Chapter 6 Coaching the Feel of the Water 107 Part III Advances in Training Chapter 7 Progression of Training Methods 123 Chapter 8 Principles of Modern Training 137 Chapter 9 Physiological Research and Applications 151 Chapter 10 Development of a Training Program 167 Part IV Past, Present, and Future of the Sport Chapter 11 Evolution of Competitive Swimming 185 Chapter 12 Doping, Testing, and Modern Efforts to Gain an Edge 207 Chapter 13 Looking Back, Looking Ahead 217 Appendix A 400-Year Bibliography of the Historical Development of the Swimming Strokes 229 References 233 Index 239 About the Author 247 v Acknowledgments This book was made possible through the di- (1490–1557) and even placed before me origi- rect and indirect help of a great number of nal books by the two, both in pristine condition. people. I wish to express my most sincere Dave Kelly of the Library of Congress in thanks to all of them, although their number Washington, D.C. and Harry McKown, refer- precludes my naming more than a few. ence associate of the North Carolina Collection, Wilson Library, the University of North Caro- Colleagues and Contributors lina at Chapel Hill, went to great lengths to provide references on the early development of Edward Atraghji, formerly of the Canadian American swimming. I express my deepest Aeronautical Establishment, taught me about appreciation to both for their courtesy and flow visualization and provided helpful sug- cooperation. gestions on the treatment of the fluid dynamic Sasha Orivi of the State Library of Victoria in content of this text. Melbourne conducted a search for, and pro- Dr. David Pyne, Physiologist, Australian In- vided the first detailed account of, the first stitute of Sport, contributed chapter 9 on the swimming race in Australia. physiology of swimming training and shared Mardyth Hewitt of the National Library of his unique experience in day-to-day practical Canada and Michelle Robichaud of the Library work with some of the world’s greatest swim- of Parliament provided expertise in locating mers. William Byrd’s diary. William “Buck” Dawson wrote on the his- Robert Schleihauf granted permission to pre- tory of American swimming in chapter 11. pare and publish drawings adapted from illus- Nort Thornton, head swimming coach of the trations in “Swimming Propulsion: A Hydro- University of California at Berkeley, gave per- dynamic Analysis” (1977). mission to use material from his excellent ar- Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, ticle, “A Few Thoughts on Training,” from the gave permission to use the extract from 1st ASCA magazine. century Roman poet, Manilius, as contained in Thomas Kirk Cureton gave permission to Sport in Greece and Rome. use materials from chapter 4 of How to Teach Dr. Kare I. Birkeland and Dr. Peter Hem- Swimming and Diving (1934), published by As- mersbach, both of the Hormone Laboratory, sociation Press, New York, and to use the chap- Aker Hospital, Oslo, Norway, and the publish- ter footnotes as a framework in compiling my ers of Sports Medicine, Adle International, gave chronological bibliography of the history of the permission to use information from their ar- swimming strokes. ticle “The Future of Doping Control in Ath- letes.” Resource Specialists Dr. Brent Rushall gave permission to reprint the list of positive drug tests by swimmer by I am particularly grateful to those who guided country as it appeared in Swimming’s Hall of me to valuable sources of information that I Shame published by Sports Science Associates. otherwise would have missed. Karin Helmstaedt gave permission to re- Liana Van der Bellen, chief of the Rare Books print from her coverage of the German drug Division, National Library of Canada, gave me trials as reported in Swimnews, July 2000, and invaluable assistance in researching the works also to Swimnews for permission to reprint this of Thevenot (1620–1692) and Olaus Magnus article. vii viii Acknowledgments Professor Steven Vogel gave permission to I am grateful to Colin Trewavas, Municipal reprint from his book Cat’s Paws and Catapults. Research and Merseyside Records Office, John Leonard, executive director of the Liverpool, England, for his courtesy and kind- American Swimming Coaches Association, ness in providing access to records and photo- gave permission to adapt from his articles on graphs of milestones in the history of coaching certification and his report on the Liverpool’s bath and washhouses, which were FINA Conference on Doping Control, Hong among the first pools built in England. Kong, March 2000. Whatever else a book may be, it is ulti- Betty Armbruster gave permission to reprint mately an offering to its potential readers, and from the work of her late father, David A. it must be presented to them in a form that is Armbruster, Competitive Swimming and Diving accessible and attractive. A vast symbolic dis- (1942), four sets of sequence drawings (namely tance often separates the head of an author of the freestyle stroke, backstroke, breaststroke- from the eyes of a reader, and those who seek butterfly, and butterfly-breaststroke). to bridge that gulf, or at least to narrow it, bear Dr. Phillip Whitten, editor in chief of Sports a weighty responsibility. It can only succeed Publications, Inc., gave permission to reprint in the hands of men and women who revere from “A Century of Change,” an article written books and their making. Of these there are by the author that originally appeared in Swim- greater and lesser, which is why an author ming World, December 1999, as well as the published under the imprimatur and imprint ranking lists of the top male and female swim- of Human Kinetics must never forget his good mers of the 20th century. fortune. In this regard, I express my deep N. J. Thierry, editor and publisher of appreciation to my publisher, Rainer Mar- Swimnews magazine and secretary of the Inter- tens; acquisitions editor, Ted Miller; and de- national Swimming Statisticians’ Association, velopmental editor, Cynthia McEntire, whose gave general permission to use extracts from advice and expertise were invaluable. I also Swimnews and prepared the graphs of progres- appreciate very much the advice of art direc- sion of long-course and short-course world tor Craig Newsom and the expert efforts of records on pages 195 and 196. sales director Charles Walters and marketing Fred Wilt, Olympic runner, Sullivan Award manager Kelley Halliburton. Thanks are ex- winner, and acknowledged authority on track tended to assistant editor Scott Hawkins who training, kindly reviewed the information about ensured the book’s smooth progress through the influence of track training on swimming the final production stages. and checked it for accuracy. Last, but by no means least, I owe a special Gilmore Reproductions of 61 Queen Street, debt of gratitude to my wife, Margaret, for her Ottawa, provided photocopying services and hard work and assistance in preparing the final the use of advanced technologies in making draft of this book. Her encouragement, wise copies of text and artwork. Their help and counsel, patience, and untiring efforts eased kindness in the preparation of three books over the task. the years have been invaluable. Credits Photos Figures Photo of Janet Evans on page 3 © Rob Tringali Jr./ Figure 9.1 Reprinted, by permission, from B.E. Counsil- SportsChrome USA. man and J.E. Counsilman, 1991, “The residual effects Photo of Lenny Krayzelburg on page 33 © Bongarts/ of training” Journal of Swimming Research 7:5-12. SportsChrome USA. Figure 10.2 from “Constructing workouts with energy system considerations” by E.W. Maglischo in American Photo of Krisztina Egerszegi on page 49 © Bongarts/ Swimming Coaches Association World Clinic Yearbook SportsChrome USA. 1985 (62) by T. Welsh (ed.), 1985, Fort Lauderdale, FL: Photo of Kristy Kowal on page 75 © Michael Zito/ American Swimming Coaches Association. Reprinted SportsChrome USA. by permission of American Swimming Coaches Asso- Photo of Lenny Krayzelburg on page 91 © Michael ciation and E.W. Maglischo. Zito/SportsChrome USA. Figure 10.3 Reprinted, by permission, from T.O. Bompa, Photo of Jenny Thompson on page 107 © Rob Tringali 1985, Theory and methodology of training (Dubuque, IA: Jr./SportsChrome USA. Kendall/Hunt). Photo of Ashley Chandler on page 123 © Rob Tringali Figure 10.4 Reprinted, by permission, from T.O. Bompa, Jr./SportsChrome USA. 1985, Theory and methodology of training (Dubuque, IA: Photo of Yana Klochkova on page 137 © Marco Chiesa. Kendall/Hunt). Photo of Amy Van Dyken on page 151 © Rob Tringali Jr./SportsChrome USA. Tables Photo on page 156 © Cecil Colwin. Table 10.1 Reprinted, by permission, from J.E. Counsilman, Photo of Alexander Popov on page 167 © Bongarts/ 1975, “Hypoxic and other methods of training evalu- SportsChrome USA. ated” Swimming Technique 12(1). Photo of Mark Spitz on page 185 © Gjuljano Table 10.2 Reprinted, by permission, from J.E. Counsilman, Bevilacqua/SportsChrome USA. 1975, “Hypoxic and other methods of training evalu- Photo on page 207 © Tony Demin/International Stock. ated” Swimming Technique 12(1). Photo of Ian Thorpe on page 217 © Marco Chiesa. Table 10.3 Adapted, by permission, from T. Absaliamov, 1984, “Controlling the training of top level swimmers” in How to develop Olympic level swimmers edited by J.L. Cramer (Finland: International Sports Media) and adapted, by permission, from D.B. Pyne and R.D. Telford, 1988, “Classification of training sessions” Ex- cel 5(2). ix

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