Bread or death : memories of my childhood during and after the Holocaust

191 Pages·2015·3.46 MB·English

by  Kleinberg

Bread or Death
Memories of My Childhood Before and After the Holocaust ©2015, Milton Kleinberg. All rights
reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the
written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and
reviews.
Photos used on the cover and throughout the book are either from the personal collections of the
Kleinberg family, or used with permission from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives
as noted. Historical references, timeline and discussion questions were created in conjunction with the
Institute for Holocaust Education in Omaha, Nebraksa.
The views or opinions expressed in this book, and the context in which the images are used, do not
necessarily reflect the views or policy of, nor imply approval or endorsement by the United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum.
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ISBN: 978-0-9899284-3-4
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Just as Turkey served as a refuge for Spanish and Portuguese Jews, Poland
became the Promised Land for the persecuted Jews of Western Europe. After the
Holocaust, the United States of America and Israel became the last refuge for
the Jewish people. This story is to remind my descendants not to forget our
family’s tragic history and our ancestors’ struggle to remain Jewish under the
most extraordinary circumstances.
I dedicate this book to my children, Hershel Kleinberg and Cindy Levy;
Cindy’s husband, Michael; my grandchildren, Liza Eisenstock and husband,
Dani, Zev Levy and wife, Shachar, Yossi Levy and wife, Shani, Natanel Levy,
Maayan Levy (Machnes), and husband, David, and Avishai Levy. Last, but not
least, is Noam and Idan Eisenstock, Nevo Levy, Raphael Levy, and Sara
Machnes, my great-grandchildren, the next link in our story of survival and all
future additions to this expanding family.
CONTENTS
Preface
1 Everybody Out
2 Our Family Life between the Wars
3 Escape. But to Where?
4 Icy Boat Ride to the Soviet Side
5 The Long, Slow Journey across Russia
6 Bread or Death
7 Welcome to the Jewel of the Orient: Samarkand
8 Bullies, Battles, and Bartering
9 We Three Musketeers
10 The Knife
11 Danger on the Black Road
12 I Outlasted the War
13 Unexpected Reunions
14 Aron Kleinberg Enters Our Lives
15 “Let’s go see the rest of the world”
16 Lady Liberty Beckons
Our American Story
Epilogue
Teacher’s Guide
Book Club Study Questions
Glossary
Timeline
Acknowledgments
About the Institute for Holocaust Education
About the Author
Index
Gallery
PREFACE
Az m’lebt der lebt men ales.
(If you live, you live to see it all.)
O
nce upon a time there were many hundreds of thriving Jewish
communities in Poland, and for a thousand years they contributed
immensely to Poland’s cultural and economic life. Now only tombstones
in neglected old Jewish cemeteries from before the war remain. No individual
tombstones exist for the three million Polish Jews who perished at the hands of
the Nazis during World War II. Only mass graves and some isolated monuments
stand.
Jews have all but been erased from the Polish consciousness. It’s as though
we were never there. Jews, who were a big part of Polish life, are now merely a
footnote to Poland’s history.
My family is one of those footnotes. And this book tells our story for the
world so no one will ever forget.
My family’s history in Poland dates back to the fifteenth century, but on
September 1, 1939, at the start of World War II, our long history there was about
to come to an abrupt and violent end. Of the one hundred five souls that
comprised our immediate family in Poland before the war, only a few survived. I
among them.
Longevity has its own reward, but my seventieth birthday in 2007 marked a
significant benchmark in my life, which meant that against all odds, I was alive
and doing well.
The speech I wrote for my family birthday celebration started me thinking
about life during the war. My grandchildren were going to Poland with their
schools to visit the concentration camps and wanted to know how their
grandparents and great grandparents survived the Holocaust in Poland.
This story is my attempt to answer some of their questions. Certain events
my parents and I never shared with anyone except on rare occasions. Some
events are too painful to talk about or make no sense telling them out of context.
I wrote this story from a child’s perspective. I was, after all, just a child when
the Nazis forced us into the street with just a few items on our backs and took
everything we owned except our instinct for survival.
My focus is on the war years, which means my memory is stretched some
seventy years. Consequently I had to do some research for dates, names, and
places.
I recall vividly many of the life-and-death events I describe as though they
occurred yesterday. Events I have not personally witnessed were told and retold
in private conversations around the table in the German DP (displaced persons)
camps. These painful recollections came to life in conversations before the scars
had a chance to heal. These events—but not always the exact time or place when
they happened—are deeply fixed in my mind. The scars, both mental and
physical, remain.
My grandchildren, as they were growing up and wondering about our Jewish
heritage and our family’s experiences in Poland during World War II, asked to
hear my story. And from time to time at the dinner table, I would relate bits and
pieces. Here, now, is my story in full.
Background to War
Germany suffered great humiliation at the end of World War I. The
Treaty of Versailles, signed June 28, 1919, made Germany accept
responsibility for causing all the loss and damage of the war. As a result,
it was forced to pay war reparations, surrender conquered territories,
give up its air force, and greatly reduce its army. These were difficult
provisions for a once proud country to accept.
Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany in January 1933 by
President Paul von Hindenberg. Hitler, along with many others, believed
that Jewry (Jews, collectively) controlled Germany’s wealth and sought
world domination. So when a scapegoat was needed for Germany’s ills,
the Jews became the focus for the Nazis.
Nazi ideology embraced two concepts. One was Lebensraum
(German living space). Because Hitler sought to expand Germany
beyond regaining territory lost in WWI, German troops invaded Poland
on September 1, 1939, including the author’s small town of Pabianice, to
gain Lebensraum and to regain German territory, the Polish Corridor
and Posen, given to Poland in the Treaty of Versailles.
The other concept was the supremacy of the Aryan race. Nazi racial
views saw Aryans as a superior race and Jews as inferior and
destructive. Jews, of course, are not a race of people, yet Hitler was able
to convince much of the world that this was true.
The German invasion of Poland officially marked the start of World
War II.