Brazil on the Global Stage: Power, Ideas, and the Liberal International Order PDF
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Edited by Oliver Stuenkel & Matthew M. Taylor BRAZIL ON THE GLOBAL STAGE Power, Ideas, and the Liberal International Order Brazil on the Global Stage Brazil on the Global Stage Power, Ideas, and the Liberal International Order Edited by Oliver Stuenkel and Matthew M. Taylor palgrave macmiLlan BRAZIL ON THE GLOBAL STAGE Copyright © Oliver Stuenkei and Matthew M. Taylor, 2015. Chapter 7 is drawn from Togzhan Kassenova, Brazils Nuclear Kaleidoscope: An Evolving Identity (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2014). All rights reserved. First published in 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martins Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978-1-137-49164-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brazil on the global stage : power, ideas, and the liberal international order / edited by Oliver Stuenkei and Matthew M. Taylor, pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-137-49164-0 1. Brazil—Foreign relations—21st century. 2. Brazil—Foreign economic relations. 3. Brazil—Foreign relations—United States. 4. United States—Foreign relations—Brazil. I. Stuenkei, Oliver, editor of compilation. II. Taylor, Matthew MacLeod, editor of compilation. JZ1548.B74 2015 327.81— dc23 2014040766 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by SPi Global. First edition: April 2015 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Ackno wledgme nts ix Foreword Eric Hershberg xi 1 Brazil on the Global Stage: Origins and Consequences of Brazil’s Challenge to the Global Liberal Order 1 Oliver Stuenkel and Matthew M. Taylor 2 The Rhetoric and Reality of Brazil’s Multilateralism 17 David Bosco and Oliver Stuenkel 3 The Brazilian Liberal Tradition and the Global Liberal Order 35 Joao M. E. Mata and Matthew M. Taylor 4 The Risks of Pragmatism: Brazil’s Relations with the United States and the International Security Order 57 Ralph Espach 5 For Liberalism without Hegemony: Brazil and the Rule of Non-Intervention 79 Marcos Tourinho 6 Brazil’s Ambivalent Challenge to Global Environmental Norms 95 Eve Z. Bratman 7 Brazil and the Global Nuclear Order 117 Togzhan Kassenova 8 Brazil’s Place in the Global Economy 143 Arturo C. Porzecanski vi • Contents 9 Ever Wary of Liberalism: Brazilian Foreign Trade Policy from Bretton Woods to the G-20 163 André Ville la Afterword: Emerging Powers and the Future of the American-Led Liberal International Order 181 James Goldgeier References 191 About the Contributors 219 Index 223 List of Figures and Tables Figures 8.1 Brazil’s GDP Per Capita, Constant Prices (1980 = 100) 148 8.2 Brazil’s Merchandise Trade with Mercosul (percent of total trade) 155 Tables 2.1 Frequently Elected Members of the UN Security Council 21 2.2 Brazil as WTO Litigant 24 2.3 Top Borrowers, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, FY 2011 26 8.1 Main Indicators of Brazil’s Place in the World 144 8.2 Additional Indicators of Brazil’s Place in the World (as of 2012, except as noted) 147 Acknowledgments A volume such as this one incurs many debts, which we can only partially acknowledge here. All of the chapters benefitted from extensive and stimulat ing comments offered by our workshop participants, colleagues, and external readers, including Amitav Acharya, Leslie Armijo, Robert Blecker, Brandon Brockmyer, Ken Conca, Frank DuBois, Johanna Mendelson Forman, Louis Goodman, Dan Jacobs, Miles Kahler, Luciano Melo, Cristina Pacheco, Claudia Tomazi Peixoto, Carlos Portales, Tim Ridout, Sharon Weiner, and an anonymous reviewer. Matias Spektor has been a guiding force behind this project from the very beginning, and helped to brainstorm the project and encourage the participation of a diverse set of contributors. The volume originated in a joint workshop of the American University and the Fundação Getulio Vargas, held at the School of International Service in Washington, DC. The workshop was made possible by financial support from the Center for Latin American and Latino Studies (CLALS) and the School of International Service (SIS), allowing for two days of deep conver sation between scholars hailing from a variety of locations in Brazil and the United States. James Goldgeier, Dean of SIS, and Eric Hershberg, Director of CLALS, have been enthusiastic supporters from the outset. Their intellec tual contributions, and their particular emphasis on drawing us beyond our comfort zone as scholars of Brazil, are also on keen display in the Foreword and Afterword to this volume. Inès Luengo de Krom and the staff at CLALS kept us well-fed and single- mindedly focused on the task at hand. Our meetings were also facilitated by Kristi-Anne Caisse, Alicia Cummings, Amy Gillespie, and the staff of SIS. Tyler Evans’ excellent assistance has been vital to pulling together the workshop findings and the final manuscript. We are indebted to Farideh Koohi-Kamali, x • Acknowledgments Sara Doskow, Chris Robinson, Dharmendra Sundar Devadoss, and all of the editorial staff at Palgrave for the support they have provided from our initial brainstorm through publication. Together, all those thanked here bear the bulk of the credit for what is now in your hands. Matthew Taylor Washington, DC Oliver Stuenkel São Paulo Foreword Eric Hershberg As the global order has become increasingly multipolar in recent years, Latin American countries that were historically portrayed as the backyard of the worlds foremost power have drifted away from American influence and grown less inclined to follow Washington’s lead on an array of governance challenges. Greater autonomy has been encouraged by steady economic growth, fueled by the commodity boom that began around 2003, and by a significant diversification of partners for South American trade. It also reflects the determination of increasingly confident elected civilian leaders through out the region to assert national sovereignty on matters of governance in domestic, regional, and global arenas. Sometimes the shift away from the American orbit has occurred without rancor and with minimal discord regarding the provision of global public goods or the institutional architec ture needed to manage their supply. In other instances, Latin American dis tancing from Washington comes accompanied by confrontational language and actions. The intentionally provocative rhetoric of some of the more con- testatory governments in the region annoys but does not perplex American diplomats, who see in the Venezuela-led ALBA alliance either a particularly illiberal version of twentieth-century populism or an anachronistic form of Cuban-inspired authoritarianism. But there is considerable puzzlement in Washington about the unwillingness of otherwise respectable Latin American governments to embrace US-supported positions on matters of international affairs that, from an American perspective, appear basic to how democracies engage one another and reinforce common-sense global norms. Brazil, Latin America’s largest country and an emerging middle power in the international system, represents a signal example of this disjuncture between American expectations and Latin American attitudes and behaviors. This volume pro vides a clear and insightful interpretation of how Brazil engages the interna tional arena and, in so doing, the volume offers important clues as to how Brazil will relate to the United States as it continues to advance its interests as an increasingly relevant actor in global affairs.
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