Brain Edema VIII: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium, Bern, June 17–20, 1990

419 Pages·1990·19.385 MB·English

by  Dr. I. Klatzo (auth.), Professor Dr. Hans-J. Reulen, Professor Dr. Alexander Baethmann, Professor Dr. Joseph Fenstermacher, Professor Dr. Anthony Marmarou, Professor Dr. Maria Spatz (eds.)

Brain Edema VIII
Proceedings of the Eighth International 0Jmposium
Bern) June 17-20) 1990
Edited by
J.
H.-J. Reulen) A. Baethmann) Fenstermacher)
A. Marmarou) M. Spatz
Acta Neurochirurgica
Supplementum 51
Springer-Verlag Wien New York
Professor Dr. Hans-J. Reulen
Department of Neurosurgery, Bern, Switzerland
Professor Dr. Alexander Baethmann
Institut fur chirurgische Forschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Klinikum Grosshadern, Munchen, Federal
Republic of Germany
Professor Dr. Joseph Fenstermacher
Department of Neurological Surgery, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York, U.S.A.
Professor Dr. Anthony Marmarou
Division of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
Professor Dr. Maria Spatz
Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroanatomical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,
U.S.A.
Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Brain Edema
Honorary Member: 1. Klatzo
Organizers: H.-J. Reulen, A. Baethmann, A. Marmarou
Ad~'iso/'y Board: J. Fenstermacher, G. Go, J. T. Hoff, K. A. Hossmann, U. Ito,
D. Long, A. R. Shaknovitch, M. Spatz
With 203 Figures
Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual
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This work is subject to copyright
All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting,
reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks.
© 1990 by Springer-VerlagjWicn
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1990
Printed on acid-free paper
ISSN 0065-1419
ISBN-13:978-3-7091-9117-0 e-ISBN-13:978-3-7091-9115-6
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9115-6
Preface
25 years have passed since a small group met for the First International Symposia on Brain Edema in Vienna.
Subsequent Symposia were held in Mainz, Montreal, Berlin, Groningen, Tokyo and Baltimore. During this
time we have witnessed a virtual explosion of the number of publications in this field and our basic and clinical
understanding of this disease process has increased tremendously. Our meetings have always been a landmark
to take stock of our experience so far and to provide perspectives toward future developments. In addition, it
always was a good opportunity to renew old friendship and to make new friends.
This volume is a compilation of papers presented at the Eighth International Symposium on Brain Edema
held on June 17-20, 1990 in Bern, Switzerland. During this Symposium 158 papers were presented as oral or
poster presentations. This considerable number of papers was chosen from more than 230 abstracts that were
received. The organizers wish to thank the Advisory Committee for the work done in paper selection and focus
on the Symposium. Appreciation is also given to all persons, who have contributed to the success of this meeting,
the Chairmen, the participants and last but not least all the staff who worked behind the scene.
If it is to be of value, the written record of the meeting, "the Proceedings" should be quickly available and
relatively inexpensive. In order to come close to such an ideal, the authors, the editors and the publishers have
to follow clear and strict rules. The manuscripts must be delivered before deadline and must be strictly prepared
according to the "Guidelines". This means that any delay as for instance by missing summaries, inappropriate
English etc., must be avoided. With the present proceedings, the eighth volume in the series, the authors and
editors have made such an effort. Regarding this, the editors extend their compliments to the authors who enabled
us to meet the deadline. We also wish to acknowledge our gratitude to Springer-Verlag, Vienna, for their technical
aid and for their prompt publication of this volume.
As in the past, brain edema resulting from acute insults, such as disturbances of the cerebral perfusion, or
head injury remains a central issue of research. Under these circumstances, the supportive role of biochemically
active mediators substances in opening of the blood brain barrier, spread of edema, or in cell swelling continues
to elicit great scientific as well as clinical interest. Respective experimental and clinical efforts may eventually
produce methods of their specific inhibition as a particularly effective form of therapeutic intervention as compared
to what is currently available. It can be hoped thereby to interfere not only with the development of brain edema,
but also with the secondary destruction of viable brain parenchyma.
This volume provides a comprehensive survey of the state-of-art of this topic as of June 1990. For the reader's
convenience the papers are structured according to the various disease processes which are associated with edema:
tumor, trauma, ischemia, hypertension, infection, hydrocephalus etc. We do hope that you enjoy the articles and
that they provide impetus and insight for further work.
Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. K.-J. Zulch, our Honorary Member, one of the pioneers in the study of brain edema, has
deceased on 2nd December 1988. It was decided to dedicate this volume to him.
The Ninth International Symposium on Brain Edema will be held in Japan in 1993.
Hans-J. Reulen
Axel Baethmann
Joseph Fenstermacher
Antony Marmarou
Maria Spatz
Octo ber 1990
Contents
Klatzo, I.: Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Klaus Joachim Zulch. In Memoriam
Pathophysiology I (Cell Volume Regulation, Methods)
Staub, F., Baethmann, A., Peters, J., Kempsky, 0.: Effects of Lactacidosis on Volume and Viability of
Glial Cells ................................................................................................. 3
Chan, P. H., Chu, L.: Mechanisms Underlying Glutamate-induced Swelling of Astrocytes in Primary
Culture.................................................................................................... 7
Tomita, M., Gotoh, F., Tanahashi, N., Kobari, M., Shin ohara, T., Terayama, Y., Yamawaki, T., Mihara,
B., Ohta, K., Kaneko, A.: The Mechanical Filtration Coefficient (Lp) of the Cell Membrane of Cultured
Glioma Cells (C6) ••....••..•••....•....•....••••...•....•...........••..•..•.•.......••.••••.•....••.•..•. 11
Del Bigio, M. R., Fedoroff, S.: Swelling of Astroglia in vitro and the Effect of Arginine Vasopressin and
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ................................................................................ 14
Lundbrek, J. A., T0nnesen, T., Laursen, H., Hansen, A. J.: Brain Interstitial Composition During Acute
Hyponatremia ............................................................................................. 17
Doczi, T., Kuncz, A., Bodosi, M.: Do the Skull and Dura Exert Influence on Brain Volume Regulation
Following Hypo- and Hyperosmolar Fluid Treatment? ................................................. 19
Suga, S., Mitani, S., Shimamoto, Y., Kawase, T., Toya, S., Sakamoto, K., Kanai, H., Fukui, M., Takeneka,
N.: In vivo Measurement of Intra- and Extracellular Space of Brain Tissue by Electrical Impedance
Method ..... ...... .................................................................. ....................... 22
Ohta, F., Moritake, K., Kagawa, T., Fukuda, M., Fukuma, A.: Intracellular pH Regulation of Normal
Rat Brain: 31p_MRS Study ............................................................................... 25
Kao, H. P., Cardoso, E. R., Shwedyk, E.: Measurement of Canine Cerebral Oedema Using Time Domain
Reflectometry ............................................................................................. 28
Hayashi, N., Tsubokawa, T., Green, B. A., Watson, B. D., Prado, R.: A New Mapping Study of Supero xide
Free Radicals, Vascular Permeability and Energy Metabolism in Central Nervous System ........... 31
DiResta, G. R., Lee, J., Lau, N., Ali, F., Galicich, J. H., Arbit, E.: Measurement of Brain Tissue Density
Using Pycnometry ........................................................................................ 34
Pathophysiology II (Methods, Mediators)
Fatouros, P. P., Marmarou, A.: Experimental Studies for Use of Magnetic Resonance in Brain Water
Measurements............................................................................................. 37
Lorenzo, A. V., Mulkern, R. V., Wong, S. T. S., Colucci, V. M., Jolesz, F. A.: MR Studies of Brain
Oedema in the Developing Animal ...................................................................... 39
Bulte, J. W. M., Jonge, M. W. A. de, Leij, L. de, The, T. H., Kamman, R. L., Blaauw, B., Zuiderveen,
F., Go, K. G.: Passage of DMP Across a Disrupted BBB in the Context of Antibody-mediated MR
Imaging of Brain Metastases .............................................................................. 43
Major, 0., Shdanova, T., Duffek, L., Nagy, Z.: Continuous Monitoring of Blood-Brain Barrier Opening
to Cr51-EDTA by Microdialysis Following Probe Injury ............................................... 46
Schurer, L., Prugner, U., Kempski, 0., Arfors, K.-E., Baethmann, A.: Effects of Antineutrophil Serum
(ANS) on Posttraumatic Brain Oedema in Rats............................ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . 49
VIII Contents
Kane, P. J., Modha, P., Strachan, R. D., Mendelow, A. D., Cook, S., Chambers, 1. R.: The Effect of
Immunosuppression with Whole Body and Regional Irradiation on the Development of Cerebral
Oedema in a Rat Model of Intracerebral Haemorrhage ................................................ 52
Corvin, S., Schiirer, L., Abels, c., Kempsky, 0., Baethmann, A.: Effect of Stimulation of Leukocyte
Chemotaxis by fMLP on White Blood Cell Behaviour in the Microcirculation of Rat Brain ......... 55
Shepard, S. R., Hariri, R. J., Giannuzzi, R., Pomerantz, K., Hajjar, D., Ghajar, J. B. G.: Leukotriene
Production by Human Glia .............................................................................. 58
McCarron, R. M., Uematsu, S., Merkel, N., Long, D., Bembry, J., Spatz, M.: The Role of Arachidonic
Acid and Oxygen Radicals on Cerebromicrovascular Endothelial Permeability..... ........ ........... 61
Ohnishi, T., Iwasaki, H., Hayakawa, T., Shapiro, W. R.: Possible Mechanism of Va so genic Brain Oedema
Induced by Arachidonic Acid ............................................................................ 65
Ikeda, Y., Long, D. M.: Effects of the Arachidonate Lipoxygenase Inhibitor BW755C on Traumatic and
Peritumoural Brain Oedema .............................................................................. 68
Whittle, I. R., Piper, I. R., Miller, J. D.: The Contribution of Secondary Mediators to the Etiology and
Pathophysiology of Brain Oedema: Studies Using a Feline Infusion Oedema Model.................. 71
Ikeda, Y., Long, D. M.: Comparative Effects of Direct and Indirect Hydroxyl Radical Scavengers on
Traumatic Brain Oedema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 74
Pathophysiology III (Formation, Resolution)
Kuchiwaki, H., Inao, S., Nagasaka, M., Andoh, K., Hirano, T., Sugita, K.: The Effects of Cerebral
Haemodynamics on the Progression of Cold-Induced Oedema ......................................... 77
James, H. E., Schneider, S.: Cryogenic Brain Oedema: Loss of Cerebrovascular Autoregulation as a Cause
of Intracranial Hypertension. Implications for Treatment .............................................. 79
Kuchiwaki, H., Inao, S., Woh, T., Nagasaka, M., Sugita, K., Hanaichi, T.: An Electron Microscopic and
Electron Probe Study of the Microcirculation in Cold-Induced Oedema............................... 82
Kuroiwa, T., Yokofujita, J., Kaneko, H., Okeda, R.: Accumulation of Oedema Fluid in Deep White
Matter After Cerebral Cold Injury ....................................................................... 84
Naruse, H., Tanaka, K., Nishimura, S., Fugimoto, K.: A Microstructural Study of Oedema Resolution 87
Shin ohara, Y., Ohsuga, H., Ohsuga, S., Takizawa, S., Haida, M.: Routed Protein Migration After Protein
Extravasation and Water Leakage Caused by Cold Injury.............................................. 90
Ohata, K., Marmarou, A., Povlishock, J. T.: Immunocytochemical Studies of Oedema Protein Clearance
in the Rat ................................................................................................. 93
Pathophysiology IV (Treatment)
Murr, R., Schiirer, L., Berger, S., Enzenbach, R., Baethmann, A.: Effects of Anaesthetic Agents on
Cerebral Blood Flow and Brain Oedema from a Focal Lesion in Rabbit Brain ....................... 97
Meinig, G., Deisenroth, K.: Dose-and Time-dependent Effects of Dexamethasone on Rat Brain Following
Cold-injury Oedema ...................................................................................... 100
Unterberg, A., Schmidt, W., Dautermann, C., Baethmann, A.: The Effect of Various Steroid Treatment
Regimens on Cold-induced Brain Swelling .............................................................. 104
Handa, Y., Kobayashi, H., Kawano, H., Ishii, H., Naguchi, Y., Hayashi, M.: Steroid and Hyperosmotic
Diuretic Effects on the Early Phase of Experimental Vasogenic Oedema .............................. 107
Reichenthal, E., Kaspi, T., Cohen, M. L., Shevach, I., Shalmon, E., Bar-Ziv, Y., Feldman, Z., Zucker,
G.: The Ambivalent Effects of Early and Late Administration of Mannitol in Cold-induced Brain
Oedema................................................................................................... 110
Yatsushiro, K., Niiro, M., Asakura, T., Sasahira, M., Terada, K., Uchimura, K., Fujimoto, T.: Magnetic
Resonance Study of Brain Oedema Induced by Cold Injury - Changes in Relaxation Times Before and
After the Administration of Glycerol .................................................................... 113
Shalmon, E., Reichenthal, E., Kaspi, T.: Transient Effect of Mannitol on Cerebral Blood Flow Following
Brain Injury ............................................................................................... 116
Contents IX
Naruse, S., Takei, R., Horikawa, Y., Tanaka, c., Higuchi, T., Ebisu, T., Veda, S., Sugahara, S., Kondo,
S., Kiyota, T., Hayashi, H.: Effects of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide on Brain Oedema: The Change of
Water, Sodium, and Potassium Contents in the Brain.................................................. 118
Tumour and Brain Oedema (I)
Marmarou, A., Fatouros, P., Ward, J., Appley, A., Young, H.: In vivo Measurement of Brain Water by
MRI ....................................................................................................... 123
Iwama, T., Andoh, T., Sakai, N., Yamada, H., Era, S., Kuwata, K., Sogami, M., Watari, H.: IH-NMR
Studies on Water Structures in the Rat Brain Tissues with Cerebral Tumour or Ischaemia........... 125
Okada, Y., Hoehn-Berlage, M., Bockhorst, K., Tolxdorff, T., Hossmann, K.-A.: Magnetic Resonance
Imaging and Regional Biochemical Analysis of Experimental Brain Tumours in Cats ................ 128
Niiro, M., Asakura, T., Yatsushiro, K., Sasahira, M., Terada, K., Fujimoto, T.: Magnetic Resonance
Studies in Human Brain Oedema Following Administration of Hyperosmotic Agents ................ 131
Bockhorst, K., Hoehn-Berlage, M., Kocher, M., Hossmann, K.-A.: MRI Contrast Enhancement by
MnTPPS of Experimental Brain Tumours in Rats ...................................................... 134
Ohnishi, T., Hayakawa, T., Shapiro, W. R.: Human Malignant Gliomas Secrete a Factor that Increases
Brain Capillary Permeability: Role in Peritumoural Brain Oedema .................................... 137
Black, K. L., King, W. A., Ikezaki, K.: Selective Opening of the Blood-Tumour Barrier by Intracarotid
Infusion of Leukotriene C4 ..•.•••...............•••.......••.••••.•..•.•.•....•....•.•.••.•.•.••••••..... 140
Ikeda, Y., Long, D. M.: Oxygen Free Radicals in the Genesis of Peritumoural Brain Oedema in Experi-
mental Malignant Brain Tumours........................................................................ 142
Chang, C. c., Shinonaga, M., Kuwabara, T., Mima, T., Shigeno, T.: Effect of Recombinant Human
Lipocortin I on Brain Oedema in a Rat Glioma Model ................................................ 145
Tumour and Brain Oedema (TI)
Ito, u., Tomita, H., Tone, 0., Shishido, T., Hayashi, H.: Formation and Resolution of White Matter
Oedema in Various Types of Brain Tumours............................................................ 149
Aaslid, R., Groger, u., Patlak, C. S., Fenstermacher, J. D., Huber, P., Reulen, H.-J.: Fluid Flow Rates
in Human Peritumoural Oedema......................................................................... 152
Nagashima, T., Tada, Y., Hamano, S., Skakakura, M., Masaoka, K., Tamaki, N., Matsumoto, S.: The
Finite Element Analysis of Brain Oedema Associated with Intracranial Meningiomas ................ 155
Arbit, E., Rubinstein, A., DiResta, G., Lee, J., Ali, F., Galicich, J. H.: The Effect of the Aminosteroid
V-78517G on Peritumoural Brain Oedema.............. ................ .............. .......... ........ 158
King, W. A., Black, K. L., Ikezaki, K., Conklin, S., Becker, D. P.: Novel 21-aminosteroidsPrevent Tumour
Associated Neurological Dysfunction.................................................................... 160
Ikeda, Y., Carson, B. S., Long, D. M.: Therapeutic Effects of Topical Dexamethasone on Experimental
Brain Tumours and Peritumoural Brain Oedema ....................................................... 163
Ishikawa, M., Kikuchi, H., Nishizawa, S., Yonekura, Y.: Evaluation of Glucose Transport in Malignant
Glioma by PET ........................................................................................... 165
Hartmann, A., Dettmers, Ch., Schott, H., Beyenburg, S1.: Cerebral Blood Flow and Rheologic Alterations
by Hyperosmolar Therapy in Patients with Brain Oedema ............................................. 168
Ischaemia and Brain Oedema I (Global Ischaemia)
Allen, K. L., Busza, A. L., Proctor, E., Williams, S. R., Bruggen, N. van, Gadian, D. G., Crockard,
H. A.: Restoration of Energy Metabolism and Resolution of Oedema Following Profound Ischaemia 171
Preston, E., Saunders, J., Haas, N., Rydzy, M., Kozlowski, P.: Selective, Delayed Increase in Transfer
Constants for Cerebrovascular Permeation of Blood-Borne 3H-Sucrose Following Forebrain Ischaemia
in the Rat................................................................................................. 174
Stummer, W., Weber, K., Schiirer, L., Baethmann, A., Kempski, 0.: Electrical Impedance, rCBF, Survival
and Histology in Mongolian Gerbils with Forebrain Ischaemia........................................ 177
X Contents
Mrsulja, B. B., Stanimirovic, D., Micic, D. V., Spatz, M.: Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors, Oxido-
reductive Processes and Brain Oedema Following Transient Ischaemia in Gerbils..................... 180
Katayama, Y., Becker, D. P., Tamura, T., Tsubokawa, T.: Cellular Swelling During Cerebral Ischaemia
Demonstrated by Microdialysis in vivo: Preliminary Data Indicating the Role of Excitatory Amino
Acids ...................................................................................................... 183
Saito, N., Chang, c., Kawai, K., J06, F., Nowak, T. S. Jr., Mies, G., Ikeda, J., Nagashima, G., Ruetzler,
c., Lohr J., Spatz, M., Klatzo, I.: Role of Neuroexcitation in Development of Blood-Brain Barrier
and Oedematous Changes Following Cerebral Ischaemia and Traumatic Brain Injury................ 186
Dempsey, R. J., Carney, J. M., Kindy, M. S.: Inducible Ornithine Decarboxylase Expression in Brain
Subject to Vasogenic Oedema After Transient Ischaemia: Relationship to C-fos Gene Expression ... 189
Kinuta, Y., Kikuchi, H., Ishikawa, M.: Ischaemic Brain Oedema and Xanthine-Xanthine Oxidase System 192
J06, F.: The Role of Endothelial Second Messenger's-Generating System in the Pathogenesis of Brain
Oedema ................................................................................................... 195
Shinohara, Y., Yamamoto, M., Haida, M., Yazaki, K., Kurita, D.: Effect of Glutamate and Its Antagonist
on Shift of Water from Extra- to Intracellular Space After Cerebral Ischaemia ....................... 198
Nakao, N., Itakura, T., Yokote, H., Nakai, K., Komai, N.: Effect of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide on Ischaemic
Brain Oedema............................................................................................. 201
Yamamoto, M., Haida, M., Taniguchi, R., Yazaki, K., Kurita, D., Fukuzaki, M., Shinohara, Y.: Sup
pression of Water Shift into Intracellular Space by TA-3090 (Calcium Entry Blocker) Measured with
NMR ...................................................................................................... 204
Ischemia and Brain Oedema II (Focal Ischemia)
Moseley, M. E., Mintorovitch, J., Cohen, Y., Asgari, H. S., Derugin, N., Norman, D., Kucharczyk, J.:
Early Detection of Ischemic Injury: Comparison of Spectroscopy, Diffusion-, T2-, and Magnetic Sus-
ceptibility-Weighted MRI in Cats........................................................................ 207
Sevick, R. J., Kucharczyk, J., Mintorovitch, J., Moseley, M. E., Derugin, N., Norman, D.: Diffusion
Weighted MR Imaging and T2-Weighted MR Imaging in Acute Cerebral Ischaemia: Comparison and
Correlation with Histopathology.............. .. ....... ............ ......... ..................... ...... .. 210
Schleien, C. L., Koehler, R. c., Shaffner, D. H., Traystman, R. J.: Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption
Following CPR in Piglets ................................................................................ 213
Ishimaru, S., Hossmann, K.-A.: Relationship Between Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood-Brain Barrier
Permeability of Sodium and Albumin in Cerebral Infarcts of Rats..................................... 216
Menzies, S. A., Hoff, J. T., Betz, A. L.: Extravasation of Albumin in Ischaemic Brain Oedema......... 220
Yamane, K., Shima, T., Okada, Y., Takeda, T., Uozumi, T.: Pathophysiological Studies in the Rat
Cerebral Embolization Model: Measurement of Epidural Pressure and Evaluation of Tissue pH and
ATP ........... ..................... ................................................... .................... 223
Courten-Myers, G. M. de, Kleinholz, M., Wagner, K. R., Myers, R. E.: Determiners of Fatal Reperfusion
Brain Oedema ............................................................................................. 226
Ischaemia and Brain Oedema III
Fries, G., Wallenfang, Th., Kempski, 0., Hennen, J., Velthaus, M., Perneczky, A.: Brain Oedema and
Intracranial Pressure in Superior Sagittal Sinus Balloon Occlusion. An Experimental Study in Pigs 231
Tychmanowicz, K., Czernicki, Z., Czosnyka, M., Pawlowski, G., Uchman, G.: Early Pathomorphological
Changes and Intracranial Volume-Pressure: Relations Following the Experimental Saggital Sinus Oc-
clusion ..................................................................................................... 233
Imaizumi, S., Woolworth, V., Kinouchi, H., Chen, S. F., Fishman, R. A., Chan, P. H.: Liposome-erttrapped
Superoxide Dismutase Ameliorates Infarct Volume in Focal Cerebral Ischaemia...................... 236
Johshita, H., Sasaki, T., Matsui, T., Hanamura, T., Masayasu, H., Asano, T., Takakura, K.: Effects of
Ebselen (PZ 51) on Ischaemic Brain Oedema After Focal Ischaemia in Cats .......................... 239
Contents XI
Shima, K., Ohashi, K., Umezawa, H., Chigasaki, H., Karasawa, Y., Okuyama, S., Araki, H., Otomo, S.:
Post-ischaemic Treatment with the Prostacycline Analogue TTC-909 Reduces Ischaemic Brain Injury 242
Chan, P. H., Chu, L., Chen, S. F., Carlson, E. J., Epstein, C. J.: Attenuation of Glutamate-induced
Neuronal Swelling and Toxicity in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human CuZn-Superoxide Dis-
mutase.............. .... ............ ... ............... ..................................................... 245
Naruse, S., Aoki, Y., Horikawa, Y., Tanaka, C., Higuchi, T., Ebisu, T., Ueda, S., Kondo, S., Kiyota,
T., Hayashi, H.: Effects of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide on Ischaemic Brain Oedema Evaluated by the
Proton Magnetic Resonance Method .................................................................... 248
Hara, H., Nagasawa, H., Kogure, K.: Nimodipine Attenuates Both Ischaemia-induced Brain Oedema
and Mortality in a Rat Novel Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model ................... 251
Kucharczyk, J., Mintorovich, J., Sevick, R., Asgari, H., Moseley, M.: MR Evaluation of Calcium Entry
Blockers with Putative Cerebroprotective Effects in Acute Cerebral Ischaemia ........................ 254
Betz, A. L., Coester, H. C.: Effect of Steroid Therapy on Ischaemic Brain Oedema and Blood to Brain
Sodium Transport ........................................................................................ 256
Hartmann, A., Ebhardt, G., Rommel, Th., Meuer, A.: Dexamethasone Does not Influence Infarct Size
but Causes Haemorrhage in Baboons with Cerebral Infarcts ........................................... 259
Trauma and Brain Oedema (I)
Brink, W. A. van den, Marmarou, A., Avezaat, C. J. J.: Brain Oedema in Experimental Closed Head
Injury in the Rat. ........ .... ......... .... ............... ................. ... ... .......... . ............... 261
McIntosh, T. K., Soares, H., Thomas, M., Cloherty, K.: Development of Regional Cerebral Oedema
After Lateral Fluid-Percussion Brain Injury in the Rat ................................................. 263
Tsubokawa, T., Katayama, Y., Miyazaki, S., Ogawa, H., Koshinaga, M., Ishikawa K.: Survival and Fibre
Outgrowth of Neuronal Cells Transplanted into Brain Areas Associated with Interstitial Oedema ... 265
Gordon, C. R., Merchant, R. S., Marmarou, A., Rice, C. D., Marsh, J. T., Young, H. F.: Effect of
Murine Recombinant Interleukin-1 on Brain Oedema in the Rat ...................................... 268
Katayama, Y., Becker, D. P., Tamura, T., Ikezaki, K.: Early Cellular Swelling in Experimental Traumatic
Brain Injury: A Phenomenon Mediated by Excitatory Amino Acids ................................... 271
Bullock, R., Butcher, S., McCulloch, J.: Changes in Extracellular Glutamate Concentration After Acute
Subdural Haematoma in the Rat - Evidence for an "Excitotoxic" Mechanism? ....................... 274
Inglis, F. M., Bullock, R., Chen, M. H., Graham, D. 1., Miller, J. D., McCulloch, J.: Ischaemic Brain
Damage Associated with Tissue Hypermetabolism in Acute Subdural Haematoma: Reduction by a
Glutamate Antagonist .................................................................................... 277
Rosenberg, G. A., Estrada, E., Wesley, M., Kyner, W. T.: Autoradiographic Patterns of Brain Interstitial
Fluid Flow After Collagenase-induced Haemorrhage in Rat ........................................... 280
Fumeya, H., Ito, K., Yamagiwa, 0., Funatsu, N., Okada, T., Asahi, S., Ogura, H., Kubo, M., Oba, T.:
Analysis of MRI and SPECT in Patients with Acute Head Injury ..................................... 283
Bullock, R., Statham, P., Patterson, J., Wyper, D., Hadley, D., Teasdale, E.: The Time Course of Vas o genic
Oedema After Focal Human Head Injury-Evidence from SPECT Mapping of Blood Brain Barrier
Defects .................................................................................................... 286
Statham, P. F. X., Todd, N. V.: Intracerebral Haematoma: Aetiology and Haematoma Volume Determine
the Amount and Progression of Brain Oedema ......................................................... 289
Trauma and Brain Oedema (II)
Lang, D. A., Hadley, D. M., Teasdale, G. M., Macpherson, P., Teasdale, E.: Gadolinium-DTPA Enhanced
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Human Head Injury .................................................. 293
Todd, N. V., Graham, D. 1.: Blood-Brain Barrier Damage in Traumatic Brain Contusions .... :........ 296
Marshall, L. F., Gautille, Th.: Large and Small "Holes" in the Brain: Reversible or Irreversible Changes
in Head Injury ............................................................................................ 300
Meixensberger, J., Brawanski, A., Holzschuh, M., Danhauser-Leistner, 1., Ullrich, W.: Hemispheric CBF-
Alterations in the Time Course of Focal and Diffuse Brain Injury..................................... 302
XII Contents
Tjuvajev, J., Eelmiie, J., Kuklane, M., Tomberg, T., Tikk, A.: Correlations Between Brain Oedema Volume
on CT and CSF Dynamics in Severely Head Injured Patients .......................................... 305
Katayama, Y., Tsubokawa, T., Miyazaki, S., Kawamata, T., Yoshino, A.: Oedema Fluid Formation
Within Contused Brain Tissue as a Cause of Medically Uncontrollable Elevation of Intracranial
Pressure: The Role of Surgical Therapy ................................................................. 308
Godersky, J. c., Gentry, L. R., Tranel, D., Dyste, G. N., Danks, K. R.: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
and Neurobehavioural Outcome in Traumatic Brain Injury ............................................ 311
The British/Finnish Co-operative Head Injury Trial Group: Teasdale, G., Bailey, 1., Bell, A., Gray, J.,
Gullan, R., Heiskanan, U., Marks, P. V., Marsh, H., Mendelow, A. D., Murray, G., Ohman, J.,
Quaghebeur, G., Sinar, J., Skene, A., Waters, A.: The Effect of Nimodipine on Outcome After Head
Injury: A Prospective Randomized Control Trial ....................................................... 315
Yoshida, K., Corwin, F., Marmarou, A.: Effect ofTHAM on Brain Oedema in Experimental Brain Injury 317
Gaab, M. R., Seegers, K., Smedema, R. J., Heissler, H. E., Goetz, Ch.: A Comparative Analysis ofTHAM
(Tris-buffer) in Traumatic Brain Oedema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Zomow, M. H., Oh, Y. S., Scheller, M. S.: A Comparison of the Cerebral and Haemodynamic Effects
of Mannitol and Hypertonic Saline in an Animal Model of Brain Injury.............................. 324
Gaab, M. R., Rittierodt, M., Lorenz, M., Heissler, H. E.: Traumatic Brain Swelling and Operative
Decompression: A Prospective Investigation ............................................................ 326
McIntosh, T. K., Banbury, M., Smith, D., Thomas, M.: The Novel 21-aminosteroid U-74006F Attenuates
Cerebral Oedema and Improves Survival After Brain Injury in the Rat ............................... 329
Hovda, D. A., Yoshino, A., Kawamata, T., Katayama, Y., Fineman, 1., Becker, D. P.: The Increase in
Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization Following Fluid Percussion Brain Injury is Prevented with Kynurenic
Acid and is Associated with an Increase in Calcium .................................................... 331
Various Disease Processes and Brain Oedema I (Hypertension, Hyperammonemia, Hydrocephalus)
Nag, S.: Presence of Transendothelial Channels in Cerebral Endothelium in Chronic Hypertension ..... 335
Handa, Y., Takeuchi, H., Kabuto, M., Kobayashi, H., Kawano, H., Hosotani, K., Hayashi, M.: Blood-
Brain Barrier Disruption Caused by Impairment of Cerebral Autoregulation During Chronic Cerebral
Vasospasm in Primates ................................................................................... 338
Schilling, L., Parsons, A. A., Mackert, J. R. L., Wahl, M.: Effect of L-arginine on Haemoglobin-induced
Inhibition of Endothelium-dependent Relaxation of Isolated Cerebral Arteries........................ 341
Nag, S., Young, L.: Cerebrovascular Permeability in Acute Hypertension: Effect of Flunarizine ........ 344
Takahashi, H., Koehler, R. c., Brusilow, S. W., Traystman, R. J.: Glutamine Synthetase Inhibition
Prevents Cerebral Oedema During Hyperammonemia .................................................. 346
Tamaki, N., Nagashima, T., Ehara, K., Shirakuni, T., Matsumoto, S.: Hydrocephalic Oedema in Normal-
pressure Hydrocephalus .................................................................................. 348
Umezawa, H., Shima, K., Chigasaki, H., Sato, K., Ishii, S.: Local Cerebral Blood Flow and Glucose
Metabolism in Hydrostatic Brain Oedema............................................................... 351
Tamaki, N., Nagashima, T., Ehara, K., Kimura, M., Matsumoto, S., Iriguchi, N.: Changes in Free Water
Content and Energy Metabolism of the Brain in Experimental Hydrocephalus. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Shakhnovich, A. R., Razumovsky, A. Y., Gasparjan, S. S., Ozerova, V. I.: Venous and Cerebrospinal
Fluid Outflow in Patients with Brain Swelling and Oedema ............................................ 357
Various Disease Processes and Brain Oedema II (Pseudotumour, Irradiation, Infection, Stress)
Soelberg S0rensen, P., Thomsen, c., Gjerris, F., Henriksen, 0.: Brain Water Accumulation in Pseudo-
tumour Cerebri Demonstrated by MR-imaging of Brain Water Self-Diffusion ........................ 363
Lundar, T., Nomes, H.: Pseudo tumour Cerebri-neurosurgical Considerations............................ 366
Arienta, c., Caroli, M., Balbi, S., Parma, A., Calappi, E., Massei, R.: Clinical Evaluation and Long-
Term Follow-up in 16 Patients with Pseudotumour Cerebri ............................................ 369