Brain-Computer Interfaces: Revolutionizing Human-Computer Interaction PDF
Preview Brain-Computer Interfaces: Revolutionizing Human-Computer Interaction
T H E F R O N T I E R S C O L L E C T I O N T H E F R O N T I E R S C O L L E C T I O N Series Editors: A.C.Elitzur L.Mersini-Houghton M.A.Schlosshauer M.P.Silverman J.A.Tuszynski R.VaasH.D.Zeh The books in this collection are devoted to challenging and open problems at th forefront of modern science, including related philosophical debates. In contrast to typical research monographs, however, they strive to present their topics in a manner accessible also to scientifically literate non-specialists wishing to gain insight into the deeper implications and fascinatingquestionsinvolved.Takenasawhole,theseriesreflectstheneedforafundamental and interdisciplinary approach to modern science. Furthermore, it is intended to encourage activescientistsinallareastoponderoverimportantandperhaps controversialissuesbeyond theirownspeciality.Extendingfromquantumphysics andrelativitytoentropy,consciousness andcomplexsystems–theFrontiersCollectionwillinspirereaderstopushbackthefrontiersof theirownknowledge. Other Recent Titles WeakLinks TheUniversalKeytotheStabilityofNetworksandComplexSystems ByP.Csermely Entanglement,Information,andtheInterpretationofQuantumMechanics ByG.Jaeger HomoNovus-AHumanWithoutIllusions U.J.Frey,C.Störmer,K.P.Willführ ThePhysicalBasisoftheDirectionofTime ByH.D.Zeh MindfulUniverse QuantumMechanicsandtheParticipatingObserver ByH.Stapp DecoherenceandtheQuantum-To-ClassicalTransition ByM.A.Schlosshauer TheNonlinearUniverse Chaos,Emergence,Life ByA.Scott SymmetryRules HowScienceandNatureAreFoundedonSymmetry ByJ.Rosen QuantumSuperposition CounterintuitiveConsequencesofCoherence,Entanglement,andInterference ByM.P.Silverman Forallvolumesseebackmatterofthebook Bernhard Graimann · Brendan Allison · Gert Pfurtscheller Editors BRAIN–COMPUTER INTERFACES Revolutionizing Human–Computer Interaction 123 Editors Dr.BernhardGraimann Dr.BrendanAllison Prof.Dr.GertPfurtscheller OttoBockHealthCareGmbH InstituteforKnowledge InstituteforKnowledge Max-Näder-Str.15 Discovery Discovery 37115Duderstadt LaboratoryofBrain-Computer LaboratoryofBrain-Computer Germany Interfaces Interfaces [email protected] GrazUniversityofTechnology GrazUniversityofTechnology Krenngasse37 Krenngasse37 8010Graz 8010Graz Austria Austria [email protected] [email protected] SeriesEditors: AvshalomC.Elitzur Bar-IlanUniversity,UnitofInterdisciplinaryStudies,52900Ramat-Gan,Israel email:[email protected] LauraMersini-Houghton Dept.Physics,UniversityofNorthCarolina,ChapelHill,NC27599-3255,USA email:[email protected] MaximilianA.Schlosshauer NielsBohrInstitute,Blegdamsvej17,2100Copenhagen,Denmark email:[email protected] MarkP.Silverman TrinityCollege,Dept.Physics,HartfordCT06106,USA email:[email protected] JackA.Tuszynski UniversityofAlberta,Dept.Physics,EdmontonABT6G1Z2,Canada email:[email protected] RüdigerVaas UniversityofGiessen,CenterforPhilosophyandFoundationsofScience,35394Giessen,Germany email:[email protected] H.DieterZeh GaibergerStraße38,69151Waldhilsbach,Germany email:[email protected] ISSN1612-3018 ISBN978-3-642-02090-2 e-ISBN978-3-642-02091-9 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-02091-9 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010934515 ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2010 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned, specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcastingreproductionon microfilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofis permittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion, andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsareliabletoprosecutionunderthe GermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverdesign:KuenkelLopkaGmbH,Heidelberg Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface It’s an exciting time to work in Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) research. A few yearsago,BCIswerejustlaboratorygadgetsthatonlyworkedwithafewtestsub- jects in highly controlled laboratory settings. Since then, many different types of BCIshavesucceededinprovidingreal-worldcommunicationsolutionsforseveral severelydisabledusers.Contributionshaveemergedfromamyriadofresearchdis- ciplines across academic, medical, industrial, and nonprofit sectors. New systems, components,ideas,papers,researchgroups,andsuccessstoriesarebecomingmore common. Many scientific conferences now include BCI related special sessions, symposia,talks,posters,demonstrations,discussions,andworkshops.Thepopular mediaandgeneralpublichavealsopaidmoreattentiontoBCIresearch. However, the field remains in its infancy, with many fundamental challenges remaining. BCI success stories are still expensive, time consuming, and excruci- atingly infrequent. We still cannot measure nor understand the substantial major- ity of brain activity, which limits any BCI’s speed, usability, and reliability. Communication and collaboration across disciplines and sectors must improve. Despite increased efforts from many groups, you still can’t really do very much with a BCI. The increased publicity has also brought some stories that are biased, misleading,confusing,orinaccurate. All of the above reasons inspired a book about BCIs intended for non-expert readers. There is a growing need for a straightforward overview of the field for educatedreaderswhodonothaveabackgroundinBCIresearchnorsomeofitsdis- ciplines.Thisbookwaswrittenbyauthorsfromdifferentbackgroundsworkingon a variety of BCIs. Authors include experts in psychology, neuroscience, electrical engineering,signalprocessing,softwaredevelopment,andmedicine.Thechapters describe different systems as well as common principles and issues. Many chap- terspresentemergingideas,research,oranalysisspanningdifferentdisciplinesand BCIapproaches.Thestyleandcontentprovideareadableandinformativeoverview aimedtowardnon-specialists. The first chapter gives a particularly easy introduction to BCIs. The next three chapterscoverthefoundationsofBCIsinmoredetail.Chapters4through8describe thefourmostcitednon-invasiveBCIsystems,andchapters9and10coverneurore- habilitation.Chapter11focusesonBCIsforlocked-inpatientsandpresentsaunique v vi Preface interviewwithalocked-inpatient.Invasiveapproachesareaddressedinchapters12 to 14. Chapters 15 and 16 present a freely available BCI framework (BCI 2000) andoneofthefirstcommercialBCIsystems.Chapters17and18dealwithsignal processing.ThelastchaptergivesalookintothefutureofBCIs. Graz,Austria BernhardGraimann April2010 BrendanAllison GertPfurtscheller Contents Brain–ComputerInterfaces:AGentleIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . 1 BernhardGraimann,BrendanAllison,andGertPfurtscheller BrainSignalsforBrain–ComputerInterfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 JonathanR.WolpawandChadwickB.Boulay DynamicsofSensorimotorOscillationsinaMotorTask . . . . . . . . . 47 GertPfurtschellerandChristaNeuper NeurofeedbackTrainingforBCIControl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 ChristaNeuperandGertPfurtscheller TheGrazBrain-ComputerInterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 GertPfurtscheller,ClemensBrunner,RobertLeeb, ReinholdScherer,GernotR.Müller-PutzandChristaNeuper BCIsintheLaboratoryandatHome:TheWadsworth ResearchProgram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 EricW.Sellers,DennisJ.McFarland,TheresaM.Vaughan,and JonathanR.Wolpaw DetectingMentalStatesbyMachineLearningTechniques:The BerlinBrain–ComputerInterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 BenjaminBlankertz,MichaelTangermann,CarmenVidaurre, ThorstenDickhaus,ClaudiaSannelli,FlorinPopescu,SiamacFazli, MártonDanóczy,GabrielCurio,andKlaus-RobertMüller PracticalDesignsofBrain–ComputerInterfacesBasedonthe ModulationofEEGRhythms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 YijunWang,XiaorongGao,BoHong,andShangkaiGao Brain–ComputerInterfaceinNeurorehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 NielsBirbaumerandPaulSauseng NonInvasiveBCIsforNeuroprosthesesControloftheParalysedHand 171 GernotR.Müller-Putz,ReinholdScherer,GertPfurtscheller, andRüdigerRupp vii viii Contents Brain–ComputerInterfacesforCommunicationandControl inLocked-inPatients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 FemkeNijboerandUrsulaBroermann IntracorticalBCIs:ABriefHistoryofNeuralTiming . . . . . . . . . . 203 DawnM.TaylorandMichaelE.Stetner BCIsBasedonSignalsfromBetweentheBrainandSkull . . . . . . . . 221 JaneE.Huggins A Simple, Spectral-Change Based, Electrocorticographic Brain–ComputerInterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 KaiJ.MillerandJeffreyG.Ojemann UsingBCI2000inBCIResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 JürgenMellingerandGerwinSchalk TheFirstCommercialBrain–ComputerInterfaceEnvironment . . . . 281 ChristophGugerandGünterEdlinger DigitalSignalProcessingandMachineLearning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 YuanqingLi,KaiKengAng,andCuntaiGuan AdaptiveMethodsinBCIResearch-AnIntroductoryTutorial . . . . . 331 AloisSchlögl,CarmenVidaurre,andKlaus-RobertMüller TowardUbiquitousBCIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 BrendanZ.Allison Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Contributors BrendanAllisonInstituteforKnowledgeDiscovery,Laboratoryof Brain-ComputerInterfaces,GrazUniversityofTechnology,Krenngasse37,8010 Graz,Austria,[email protected] ∗ KaiKengAngInstituteforInfocommResearch,A STAR,Singapore, [email protected] NielsBirbaumerInstituteofMedicalPsychologyandBehavioralNeurobiology, UniversityofTübingen,Tübingen,Germany,[email protected] BenjaminBlankertzBerlinInstituteofTechnology,MachineLearning Laboratory,Berlin,Germany;FraunhoferFIRST(IDA),Berlin,Germany, [email protected] ChadwickB.BoulayWadsworthCenter,NewYorkStateDepartmentofHealth andSchoolofPublicHealth,StateUniversityofNewYorkatAlbany,NewYork, NY12201,USA,[email protected] UrsulaBroermannInstituteofMedicalPsychologyandBehavioral Neurobiology,EberhardKarlsUniversityofTübingen,Tübingen,Germany ClemensBrunnerInstituteforKnowledgeDiscovery,Laboratoryof Brain-ComputerInterfaces,GrazUniversityofTechnology,Krenngasse37,8010 Graz,Austria,[email protected] GabrielCurioCampusBenjaminFranklin,CharitéUniversityMedicineBerlin, Berlin,Germany,[email protected] MártonDanóczyBerlinInstituteofTechnology,MachineLearningLaboratory, Berlin,Germany,[email protected] ThorstenDickhausBerlinInstituteofTechnology,MachineLearningLaboratory, Berlin,Germany,[email protected] GünterEdlingerGugerTechnologiesOG/g.tecmedicalengineeringGmbH, Herbersteinstrasse60,8020 Graz,Austria,[email protected] ix
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