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Brain-Computer Interfaces 2: Technology and Applications PDF

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Brain–Computer Interfaces 2 Series Editor Maureen Clerc Brain–Computer Interfaces 2 Technology and Applications Edited by Maureen Clerc Laurent Bougrain Fabien Lotte First published 2016 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030 UK USA www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2016 The rights of Maureen Clerc, Laurent Bougrain and Fabien Lotte to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2016945318 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-84821-963-2 Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv JoséDEL R. MILLÁN Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Maureen CLERC,Laurent BOUGRAIN andFabienLOTTE Part 1. Fields of Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 1. Brain–Computer Interfaces in Disorders of Consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Jérémie MATTOUT,Jacques LUAUTÉ,Julien JUNG and Dominique MORLET 1.1.Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.Alteredstatesofconsciousness: etiologiesandclinical features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.1.Fromcomatoawakening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.2.Theimportanceofdifferentialdiagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3.Functionalassessmentofpatientswithalteredstatesof consciousness(passiveparadigms) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3.1.Prognosisofcomaoutcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3.2.Functionalpatternsinpostcomastates . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4.Advancedapproachestoassessingconsciousness(active paradigms) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.5.Towardthereal-timeuseoffunctionalmarkers. . . . . . . . . . 15 1.5.1.Real-timeapproachestocommunication . . . . . . . . . . . 16 vi Brain–ComputerInterfaces2 1.5.2.ThebenefitofBCIsindisordersofconsciousnessfor purposesotherthancommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.6.Conclusionandfutureoutlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.7.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Chapter 2. Medical Applications: Neuroprostheses and Neurorehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Laurent BOUGRAIN 2.1.Motordeficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.1.1.Brainmotordeficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.1.2.Neuromuscularmotordeficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.1.3.Neurodegenerativemotordeficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.1.4.Medullarymotordeficiencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.1.5.Osteoarticularmotordeficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.2.Compensatingformotordeficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.2.1.Neuroprostheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.2.2.Neurorehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.3.Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.4.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Chapter 3. Medical Applications of BCIs for Patient Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 François CABESTAING andLouis MAYAUD 3.1.Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.1.1.Augmentativeandalternativecommunication . . . . . . . . 44 3.1.2.Logicalandsemanticcontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.1.3.BCIsdedicatedtoAAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.1.4.EstimatingtheperformanceofBCIsdedicatedtoAAC . . . 47 3.2.Reactiveinterfacesforcommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.2.1.Visualinterfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.2.2.Auditorystimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.3.Activeinterfacesforcommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.3.1.Thoughttranslationdevice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.3.2.BrainTreeinterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.4.Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.5.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Contents vii Chapter 4. BrainTV: Revealing the Neural Bases of Human Cognition in Real Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Jean-Philippe LACHAUX 4.1.Introductionandmotivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.2.Towardfirstpersondataaccounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.3. Bringing subjective and objective data into the same space: consciousexperienceofthesubject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.4.Technicalaspects: thecontributionofbrain–computerinterfaces 70 4.5.TheBrainTVsystemanditsapplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.5.1.ApplicationofBrainTVinfundamentalresearch . . . . . . 76 4.5.2.BrainTVclinicalapplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.6.BrainTVlimitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.7.Extensiontoothertypesofrecordings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.8.Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.9.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Chapter 5. BCIs and Video Games: State of the Art with the OpenViBE2 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Anatole LÉCUYER 5.1.Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.2.VideogameprototypescontrolledbyBCI . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.2.1.Videogamebasedontheimaginationofmovement . . . . . 88 5.2.2.VideogamebasedonP300potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.2.3.VideogamebasedonSSVEPpotential . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.2.4.Videogamebasedonconcentration/relaxationtasks. . . . . 91 5.3. Industrial prototypes: the potential for very different kinds of games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.3.1.Classicalgamesforentertainmentor“casualgames” . . . . 93 5.3.2.Brain-traininggamesor“BrainTrainers” . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.3.3.“Seriousgames” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.4.Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 5.5.Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5.6.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 viii Brain–ComputerInterfaces2 Part 2. Practical Aspects of BCI Implementation . . . . . . . . . 101 Chapter 6. Analysis of Patient Need for Brain–Computer Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Louis MAYAUD,Salvador CABANILLES andEric AZABOU 6.1.Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 6.1.1.Patientgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 6.1.2.Existinginterfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 6.2.Typesofusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.2.1.Patientneeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.2.2.Carers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 6.3.InterpretationofneedsinBCIusagecontexts. . . . . . . . . . . 113 6.3.1.Physicalinterfacesforreadingbrainactivity . . . . . . . . . 114 6.3.2.Analysisofbrainactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 6.3.3.Applicationsanduserinterfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 6.4.Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 6.5.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Chapter 7. Sensors: Theory and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Jean-Michel BADIER,Thomas LONJARET andPierre LELEUX 7.1.EEGelectrodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 7.1.1.Electrochemicalmodeloftheelectrode . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 7.1.2.Electrodesinelectrophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 7.1.3.Characterizationofelectrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 7.1.4.EEGelectrodematricesandheadsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 7.2.Invasiverecording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 7.2.1.Theneedforinvasiverecordingtechniques . . . . . . . . . . 128 7.2.2.Electrocorticography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 7.2.3.Stereoelectroencephalography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 7.3.Latestgenerationsensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 7.3.1.Innovativesubstratematerials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 7.3.2.Interfacematerials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 7.3.3.Interfacetopography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 7.3.4.Activesensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 7.4.Magnetoencephalography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 7.4.1.Thesourceofthesignal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 7.4.2.Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 7.5.Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 7.6.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

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