Brain and Cognition - Some New Technologies - D. Druckman, et al., (NAP, 1989) WW

87 Pages·1989·1.21 MB·English

Brain and Cognition

Some New Technologies
REFERENCE COPY

FOR LIBRARY USE ONLY

Brain and Cognition

Some New Technologies

Daniel Druckeven ad Joba I. Lacey, Eitors

Committee on New Technologiesin Capilive Paychopysialogy
Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences aad Fuveaion
[National Research Caunei,

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COMMENTER ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN
‘COGNITIVE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY

JOHN 1 LACEY (NAS) (Chai), Department of Paychology,
right State University (retired) (peychophysiology)

EMANUEL DONCHIN, Department of Pehology, University of
‘nols, Champaign (cognitive paychophysiclogy)

‘MICHAEL S, GAZZANIGA, Department of Peychatry, Dastmouth
‘Madical School (cognitive neuroncence, memory)

LLOYD KAUFMAN, Department of Prychology, New York
Univetniny(aeuromagnetsm, peychophysialogy)

STEPHEN M. KOSSLYN, Department of Paychology, Harvard
‘Univaeiny (cognitive nauroeience)

MARGUS E. RAICHLE, Division of Radiation Seance,
Mallinckrodt Tastitute, Woabington Univesity (neurology)

DANIEL DRUCKMAN, Study Director (experinaeatal vocal
‘archology)

ALISON J. POLRY, Adminiatative Secretary

DONNA REIVSNIDER, Administrative Secretary
Preface

As a part of ita mission to apply modern technology to military
problems, th Army Research Ingtitute (ART) asked the National
‘Academy of Sciencee/National Research Council ia ita primary role
‘a science advizers to the federal goverument, to evaluate recent
‘echnical developmenta in the mouitoring of brain activity for their
relevance ta basic and spplied iasues relating to the sequisition and
maintenance of cognitive skill. Accordingly, the Comminsion on
Bebavioral and Social Sciences and Education withia the National
Resenrch Council considered the propaaal. The area tobe reviewed is
‘apart of ite continuing surveillance of the exploding Geldof prychobi-
‘ology, particularly the areas of laarning and memory; the propocal
provided an incentive to explore in detail a part of this vast interdi=
iplinmry venture, It was folt that a prelimiomry review could reqult
nan informed opin

larger continuing study of the relations between nouroscienca and
cognitive science,

‘The commission appointed a mall Committee on New Tech-
nologies in Cognitive Peychophysiology, specifying that ite work was
‘to be complated within the period af one year. The committee was
_asked not only to conduct the requested review, but also, iF it acemed
appropriate to develop plane for 4 larger, brosder, and continuing
study. The Committee was requested ali to suggest ways for ART t0
‘monitor developmenta in the Seld of cognitiva peyehorkiysialogy.
‘The committee members were selected both for thelz acknow-
txged expertise in ene ofthe pecieteebrolgies covered in thia ve
ort and for their bresdth of contibution to aterdnciplinary theory
find reveareh, These contributors and ther areas of primary respon
biity were! Emanuel Donchin, event-related potentials; Michael
5. Gascaiga, avuden of Urain dareage; Lloyd Keulmso, the mag.
netoeneephalogram; Stephen M. Komlyn, cogaitive peychology and
‘comnitive acience (with empiais on one form of itertae with com
puter scence); and MeceusE. Raich, brain imaging (positron erie
Sion tomagrophy and moguetic raonasceimagiag). Overall editorial
reoponstbility for the report waa taken by Danial Druck, a ax:
Devimentl socal poychelogiat who wan atudy director forthe pees,
and myeaf, a peythophyeinloi.

‘The committee met togethor bce. The Sat eesion ae devoted
to being fom the ARI and then to detaled consideration of the
structure and coatoat of the roport, Bach member outlined the
tetence of the state of hia smigaed Bold ead the iteralationdipe
‘wth the other ores of study. ‘Through extensive discussions, a
pichminary common format was agreed upon, aad writing taske
‘were aeigned. ‘This way followed by an extensive pariad of writing,
submiesion and circulation of drafts, and preliminary revisions. The
Celaphous and computer were the main vobilee of communication
smong the commictee members, study diecior Daaiel Druclanan,
md myselt

‘Arowcond mecting was held tovocd the end of the year, for
prpcaee of melding the separate materiale into a move coberent
‘whole, of arriving at a conseomus concersing controveril point,
dnd for aniescing the future of tis preliminary venture aed reaking
sppropriste recommendations, (6 wan followed by » final petiod
of rewiting aod editarial work, again sided by extensive te of
felephoue and modem.

"The report drare on a varity of techniquet and concepts from
diverse fede of roarch. We aak for tho readers patience in making
Sioor her way throu this echnical material concerning an emerging
inlerdicipinary Seid. Dr. Drackman and 1 beer the rerponsibiity
for any editorial deiciencien that remain, and we ara gratafel for
‘he careful review of the report by the Commiation Behavioral and
Social Stiences and Education andthe Repars Review Comnitios.

‘Os a personal nots, lexprew profound thanks to Dr. Druckman
forhinskiled and profemional eupport ofthis venture. Special thanks
and acknowledgments are made vo the administrative screen
PREMACE

Alison Foley and Donna Reifsnider and to Chritine L. McShane,
‘tho carefully edited the entre report.

Joba T Lacey
‘Chair, Committen on New Technologies in
Cognitive Peychophysiology
Contents

ABBREVIATIONS
SUMMARY OP CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1 IuropueTION

2 THE FIELD oP COGNITIVE PsvouoPRYsioLoaY

3 FOUR NEW TECANOLOGIES: RESEARCH FINDINGS
4° FOUR NEW TECHNOLOGIES: CRITICAL PROBLEMS
5 APPLICATIONS AND ETWIOAL CONSIDERATIONS

6 EXPANDING THE DOMAIN

‘RevERENoRs

o
Abbreviations

Autonomic nervous systema
‘Adanizone triphosphate

‘A nonradioective form of carbon whos atomic weight
pees

‘Contes! mecvous ayetean

2Gaay eoraputed tomography

Bleetroeacephalogram.

Brent-related felda

Event-related brain poteutials

Evoked flelde

‘Arradionctire form of fourine whoes atomic weight is 18
Inorganic phoephate

‘Magnetosncephslography

Magnetic resonance imaging

‘Magnatic resonance spectroscopy

‘A aegative component of the ERP occurring sith
‘modal Intency of 100 mee

A negative component of the ERP occurring with
‘modal latency of $00 mape

‘A tonzadiosctie form of sodinm sthose atemie weight
iam

Acradiosctive form of oxygen whose atomic weight in 15
A positive component of the ERP occuring with a
‘modal latency of $00 mee

Positzon emission tomography

‘A-nontadionctive form of phosphorous whase atomic
weight ia SL

‘Armsamute of hydeogen ion concentration in the tise
Phowphocreatin

Superconducting quantum interference device