Bovine Anatomy: An Illustrated Text

185 Pages·2011·9.83 MB·English

by  coll.

Klaus-Dieter Budras/Robert E. Habel
BOVINE ANATOMY
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BOVINE ANATOMY
S E C O N D , E X T E N D E D E D I T I O N
Professor em. Klaus-Dieter Budras
Institute of Veterinary Anatomy
Free University of Berlin
Professor em. Robert E. Habel
College of Veterinary Medicine
Cornell University, Ithaca
Professor Christoph K.W. Mülling
Institute of Veterinary Anatomy
University of Leipzig
Professor em. Paul R. Greenough
Western College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon
Dr Anita Wünsche, Dr Silke Buda
Institute of Veterinary Anatomy
Free University of Berlin
Contributions to Clinical-Functional Anatomy
Rolf Berg, Dörte Döpfer, Reinhard Fries, Peter Glatzel,
Kerstin Müller, Christian Stanek
Scientific Illustrators
Gisela Jahrmärker, Renate Richter, Diemut Starke
COLLABORATION ON THE ATLAS OF BOVINE ANATOMY
Editors:
Prof. em. Dr. Klaus-Dieter Budras
Prof. em. Paul R. Greenough
Prof. em. Robert E. Habel
Prof. Dr. Christoph K.W. Mülling
Contributions:
Prof. Dr. Rolf Berg, Ross University, St. Kitts, West Indies
PD Dr. Hermann Bragulla, Dept. of Biological Science, Louisiana State University
Dr. Silke Buda, Institut für Veterinär-Anatomie, Freie Universität Berlin
Ass. Prof. Dr. Dörte Döpfer, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Prof. Dr. Reinhard Fries, Dr. Tina Eggers, Institut für Fleischhygiene, Freie Universität Berlin
Prof. em. Dr. Peter S. Glatzel, Tierklinik für Fortpflanzung, Freie Universität Berlin
Prof. Dr. Götz Hildebrandt, Katrin Rauscher, Institut für Lebensmittelhygiene, Freie Universität Berlin
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Horst E. König, Institut für Anatomie, Vetmeduni Vienna
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Hans-Georg Liebich, Institut für Tieranatomie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Prof. Dr. Kerstin Müller, Klinik für Klauentiere, Freie Universität Berlin
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Paul Simoens, Fakulteit Diergeneeskunde, Universiteit Gent
Prof. em. Dr. Christian Stanek, Vetmeduni Vienna
Dr. Anita Wünsche, Institut für Veterinär-Anatomie, Freie Universität Berlin
Collaborators on the whole project:
Angela Baumeier
Daniela Bedenice
Christina Braun
Anne-Kathrin Frohnes
Constanze Güttinger
Susann Hopf
Claudia Schlüter
Susanne Poersch
Eva Radtke
Monika Sachtleben
Thilo Voges
Acknowledgement of sources of illustrations:
The figures on p. 23 were drawn by Wolfgang Fricke and published by Dr. Anita Wünsche (1965).
The figure on p. 79 (below) was drawn by Wolfgang Fricke and published by Dr. Wolfgang Traeder (1968).
The figure on p. 80 was modified from Traeder (1968).
The figure on the title page was drawn by Diemut Starke.
© 2011, Schlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG
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TABLE OF CONTENTS page
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Topographic Anatomy
Chapter1:Thoraciclimb (A. Wünsche, R. Habel and K.-D. Budras)
1.Skeleton of the thoracic limb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 126
2.Muscles and nerves of the shoulder, arm, and forearm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.Cutaneous nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes of the thoracic limb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.Vessels and nerves of the manus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.Interdigital nerves and vessels, interossei, and fasciae of the manus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.Synovial structures of the thoracic limb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 126
Chapter2:Pelviclimb (A. Wünsche, R. Habel and K.-D. Budras)
1.Skeleton of the pelvic limb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 128
2.Lateral thigh and cranial crural muscles with their nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 129
3.Medial thigh and caudal crural muscles with their nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 129
4.Cutaneous nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes of the pelvic limb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.Arteries, veins, and nerves of the pes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 130
6.Dermis of the hoof (Ch. Mülling and K.-D. Budras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 131
7.The hoof (ungula) (Ch. Mülling and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 131
8.Synovial structures of the pelvic limb (Ch. Mülling and K.-D. Budras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 134
Chapter3:Head (R. Habel, and K.-D. Budras)
1.Skull and hyoid apparatus (R. Habel and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.Skull with teeth (R. Habel and K.-D. Budras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 136
3.Skull with paranasal sinuses and horns (R. Habel and K.-D. Budras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 136
4.Superficial veins of the head, facial n. (VII), and facial muscles (S. Buda and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 136
5.Trigeminal n. (V3 and V2), masticatory mm., salivary gll., and lymphatic system (S. Buda and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . 38 136
6.Accessory organs of the eye (P. Simoens and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 137
7.The eyeball (bulbus oculi) (P. Simoens and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
8.Nose and nasal cavities, oral cavity and tongue (S. Buda, R. Habel, and K.-D. Budras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 137
9.Pharynx and larynx (S. Buda, R. Habel and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 138
10.Arteries of the head and head-neck junction, the cran. nn. of the vagus group (IX–XI), and the hypoglossal n. (XII)
(S. Buda and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 138
Chapter4:Centralnervoussystemandcranialnerves
1.The brain (R. Habel and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.Cranial nerves I–V (S. Buda, H. Bragulla and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 139
3.Cranial nerves VI–XII (S. Buda, H. Bragulla, and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.Spinal cord and autonomic nervous system (S. Buda and K.-D. Budras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Chapter5:Vertebralcolumn,thoracicskeleton,andneck (A. Wünsche, R. Habel and K.-D. Budras)
1.Vertebral column, ligamentum nuchae, ribs, and sternum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 140
2.Neck and cutaneous muscles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 140
3.Deep shoulder girdle muscles, viscera and conducting structures of the neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 140
Chapter6:Thoraciccavity
1.Respiratory muscles and thoracic cavity with lungs (Ch. Mülling and K.-D. Budras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 141
2.Heart, blood vessels, and nerves of the thoracic cavity (R. Habel and K.-D. Budras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 142
Chapter7:Abdominalwallandabdominalcavity
1 The abdominal wall (R. Habel, A. Wünsche and K.-D. Budras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 143
2.Topography and projection of the abdominal organs on the body wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 145
3.Stomach with rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum (A. Wünsche and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 146
4.Blood supply and innervation of the stomach; lymph nodes and omenta (R. Habel, A. Wünsche and K.-D. Budras) . . . . 72 147
5.Spleen, liver, pancreas, and lymph nodes (P. Simoens, R. Habel and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 148
6.Intestines with blood vessels and lymph nodes (P. Simoens, R. Habel and K.-D. Budras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 148
Chapter8:Pelviccavityandinguinalregion,includingurinaryandgenitalorgans
1.Pelvic girdle with the sacrosciatic lig. and superficial structures in the pubic and inguinal regions
(R. Habel and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 149
2.Inguinal region with inguinal canal, inguinal lig., and prepubic tendon (R. Habel and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 150
3.Lymphatic system, adrenal glands, and urinary organs (K.-D. Budras and A. Wünsche). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 150
4.Arteries, veins, and nerves of the pelvic cavity (A. Wünsche and K.-D. Budras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.Female genital organs (H. G. Liebich and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 150
6.The udder (H. Bragulla, H. König, and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 154
7.The udder with blood vessels, lymphatic system, nerves, and development (H. Bragulla, H. König, and K.-D. Budras) . . 90 155
8.Male genital organs and scrotum (R. Habel and K.-D. Budras). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 156
9.Perineum, pelvic diaphragm, ischiorectal fossa, and tail (R. Habel and K.-D. Budras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Anatomicalaspectsofbovinespongiformencephalopathy(BSE)
(S. Buda, K.-D. Budras, T. Eggers, R. Fries, R. Habel, G. Hildebrandt, K. Rauscher, and P. Simoens) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Special Anatomy, Tabular Part
1.Myology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.Lymphatic system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.Peripheral nervous system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Contributions to Clinical-Functional Anatomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Applied anatomy of the carcass (K.-D. Budras, R. Fries, and R. Berg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
In all three volumes the illustrations were drawn from dissections especially made for that purpose. The boxed information at the top of
some text pages is intended to be a dissection guide for students and to give information on the methods used to make the preparations
illustrated. Species characteristics of the ox, in contrast to the dog and horse, are printed in italics. Important terms are printed in bold-
face type, and when a number is attached to the name, it corresponds to a number in the adjacent illustration. Less important anatomical
features are not mentioned in the text, but are listed in the legends of the illustrations. The descriptions are based on normal anatomy. Indi-
vidual variations are mentioned only when they have clinical importance. The gaps in the numbering of items in the legends of the skeletal
system (pp. 3, 15, 31, 33) are caused by omission of features that do not occur in the ox, therefore are not illustrated, but were listed in
the German edition for comparison with the dog and horse.
The cranial nerves are indicated by Roman numerals I–XII. Vertebral and spinal nerves are indicated by Arabic numerals.
Abbreviations
The anatomical/medical terms and expressions occurring in the text are explained and interpreted in “Anatomical Terms”. Abbreviations
of anatomical terms follow the abbreviations as employed in the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (2005). Other abbreviations are explained
in the appertaining text, and in the titles and legends for the illustrations. A few abbreviations that are not generally employed are listed
here:
Spinal Nerves Vertebrae and Spinal Nerves
n — Spinal nerve C — Cervical (e.g. C1—first cervical vertebra or nerve)
nd — Dorsal branch (br.) Cd — Caudal (Coccygeal)
ndl — Lateral br. of dorsal br. L — Lumbar
ndm — Medial br. of dorsal br. S — Sacral
nv — Ventral br. T — Thoracic
nvl — Lateral br. of ventral br.
nvm — Medial br. of ventral br.
cut. br. — Cutaneous br.
Table of Contents
Chapters with a cross-reference to the Contributions to Clinical-Functional Anatomyare identified with a green square and a second page
number.
Clinical-Functional Anatomy
The numbers within the green square at the beginning of a paragraph refer to the page number of the Topographic Anatomy.
Cross-references
The captions of the anatomical figures in the section“Con -
tributions to Clinical-Functional Anatomy”have been de li -
berately kept to a minimum because the identification of
anatomical details with the aid of the figure tables in the
front of the book is straightforward. This effectively fulfils
the goal of providing an easily memorable exercise for stu-
dents. The cross-reference numbers refer to both the plate
number in the topographical part of the book and the
respective structure (Example: Gluteobiceps [17.7] = Plate
page 17, No. 7 in the legends).
The same principle is also used in the special anatomy
tables.
* CollegiateDictionary, 1993, 10th ed., Merriam-Webster, Springfield, Mass., U.S.A.
PREFACE TO THE FIRST ENGLISH EDITION (ABRIDGED)
This combination of topographic color atlas and concise textbook of Bovine Anatomy is the third volume of a series on the anatomy of
domestic mammals. The first edition of the Atlas and Textbook of the Anatomy of the Dogappeared 20 years ago. It was followed 12
years ago by the second volume, the Anatomy of the Horse.In several German and foreign language editions they aroused world-wide
interest. Therefore our next project was an Atlas and Textbook of Bovine Anatomyfollowing the proven model and thereby closing a pre-
viously existing gap: no comparable work on bovine anatomy was available. The special features of the ox are presented to students in a
well-grounded survey of topographic anatomy. Special anatomyis summarized as brief data in tables of muscles, lymph nodes, and nerves,
with references to the corresponding pages in the text. Comparative anatomyis addressed through references to the horse and dog. In addi-
tion the text-atlas is intended to provide a valuable introduction to the Anatomy of the Living Animal. The authors were concerned with
the preparation of a clear and graphic reference book of important anatomical facts for veterinarians in practice and research as well as
anyone interested in morphology. This book can also serve as a dictionary of English anatomical nomenclature illustrated in color. An
appendix on Applied Anatomy, included in the first and second volumes of the series, was omitted from this edition. Because of its extraor-
dinary relevance for the practical instruction of students it will be provided in the next edition.
Our work on the ox has an unexpected urgency for three reasons: 1. Specialized textbooks for each individual species are required for cur-
riculum revision with the trend to premature specialization and the accompanying formation of species-specific clinics. 2. In the present
time of economic and social change, new diseases like bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) attain enormous importance through their
catastrophic effects. To determine the neuronal pathways of infection, including the autonomic nervous system, and the lymphatic system,
and to judge the risk of noxious substances in the nervous system and in many organs of the body cavities, a graphic survey of bovine
anatomy is necessary. 3. A licensed veterinarian is legally qualified to serve in a wide variety of positions: in private practice with small
mammals, birds, horses, ruminants, and swine; in public health work to prevent transmission of diseases of animals to man; in governmen-
tal control of diseases of livestock; and in teaching and research with many species of experimental animals. To maintain public confidence
in the profession, students should be required to master the basic as well as clinical sciences for food animals. This places high demands
on teachers and students because a very broad and important body of information must be transmitted even though our teaching time has
undergone an ill-advised reduction. Nevertheless, we are forced to accept the challenge, even with our compressed text-atlas, to reach the
intended goal – to cover a huge amount of subject matter in the short time available.
This English edition is the responsibility of Professor Habel. His translation and scientific engagement in the production of this atlas and the
writing and revision of many chapters are his personal service. His collaboration in the community of authors is a great enrichment. [...]
The provisional completion of our common effort offers the originator and editor, after 30 years of persistent work, the opportunity for a
brief reflection. The enormous expense for the production of a book, together with the revision and improvement of many new editions,
and the necessity of intensive anatomical preparation of subjects for illustration, were at first greatly underestimated. After overcoming
many challenges, the dominant emotion is the joy of an unexpected success that came about through fruitful collaboration with the closest
coworkers of our Berlin Institute, with the student body, with the readers, and with German and foreign colleagues across national and
continental borders. The experience gained thereby is of inestimable value. The editor feels richly rewarded by the achievement of a pro-
fessional life-work.
Berlin/Ithaca, May, 2003 The authors
PREFACE TO THE SECOND ENGLISH EDITION
The second edition has been substantially expanded by contributions to clinical-functional anatomy which provide valuable information
for students as well as veterinarians in practice. These contributions were prepared in close collegial collaboration between preclinical
scientists and clinicians.
In consideration of his advanced age Professor Habel who was responsible for the first English edition turned the responsibility for the
second English edition over to Professor Mülling and Professor Greenough.
The manner in which anatomy is taught in a veterinary curriculum has changed and continues to change. In newly designed modern as well as
in reformed traditional curricula anatomy is taught integrated with other basic sciences, preclinical disciplines and clinical courses. Functional
anatomy is presented within the context of practical and clinical application. For students the presentation and integration of anatomical
knowledge with clinical procedures and problems provides the context of application that enhances their learning and facilitates understand-
ing and retention of the acquired knowledge of anatomy. The functional and clinical anatomy as presented in this book provide a solid foun-
dation for clinical examination such as transrectal palpation and other diagnostic techniques including modern diagnostic imaging and for
surgical techniques.
In this book students as well as veterinarians in practice will find the anatomical essentials for their daily studies and work as well as valu-
able information for more challenging cases.
The authors hope that this book will foster further integration of anatomy with clinical teaching and learning in a university setting and
at the same time support veterinarians in their professional work.
Berlin, Leipzig, Saskatoon, June 2011 K.-D. Budras, C.K.W. Mülling, P.R. Greenough
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Our thanks are due to Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Simoens (Ghent) for his contributions of text and illustrations on the eye of the ox, to Prof.Dr.
Dr. h.c. König (Vienna) for his article on the mammary glands, and to Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Liebich (Munich) for his collaboration on
the article, “Female genital organs”. Coauthors Dr. Wünsche, Dr. Buda, and PD Dr. Bragulla also had their part in the completion of the
book. We had additional professional support from Professors Dr. Berg (St. Kitts, West Indies), Dr. Böhme (Berlin) and Dr. Hashimoto
(Sapporo). The many suggestions and the completion of many separate tasks on this atlas by the scientific, student, and technical coworkers
of our Berlin Institute (see the list of co workers) were a great help.
Finally, without the prodigious effort of our excellent artists, Renate Richter, Gisela Jahrmärker, and Diemut Starke, the atlas in its present
form would be inconceivable. Susanne Poersch deserves thankful recognition for her careful computer composition, and the coworkers
Dr. Claudia Schlüter (nee Nöller) and DVM Thilo Voges for the preparation of subjects to be illustrated, together with computer process-
ing, and for making the Index. Our thanks are also due to the publisher, Schlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft in Hannover, and especially to
Dr. Oslage for always providing support and understanding cooperation in the development of this book.
For their highly valuable contributions to the clinical-functional anatomy and for being part of the process of completing this work, we
thank the following colleagues: Dr. Silke Buda, Prof. Dr. Rolf Berg, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Dörte Döpfer, Prof. Dr. Reinhard Fries, Prof. em.
Dr. Peter Glatzel, Prof. Dr. Kerstin Müller, Prof. em. Dr. Christian Stanek.
1
TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
CHAPTER 1: THORACIC LIMB
1. SKELETON OF THE THORACIC LIMB
Thethoracicandpelviclimboftheox,aheavyherbivore,arequite In small ruminants, the dewclaws often lack phalanges; they are
similarinbasicstructuretothoseofthehorse. thenpurelycutaneousstructures.
a) On the SCAPULA is a large, half-moon-shaped scapular carti- Superficialdetailsofthephalangesofthemaindigitsaresimilarto
lage (14). The supraspinous fossa (6) is remarkably narrow. It is thoseofthehorse.
cranialtothescapularspine(5).Onthedistalendofthespineisa
g) The SESAMOID BONES. The four proximal sesamoid bones
prominentsharp-edgedacromion(8),asinthedog.
(83) are in the palmar part of the fetlock joints, and the distal
b) On the proximal end of the compact HUMERUS the lateral sesamoid(navicular)bone(84)isinthepalmarpartofeachcoffin
majortubercle(25)andthemedialminortubercle(29)aredivided joint.Theyarenotpresentinthedewclaws.
into cranial and caudal parts, as in the horse. Distal to the cran.
partofthemajortubercleisthecrestofthemajortubercle(26),and
distaltothecaudalpartliestheroundsurfacefortheinfraspinatus
(26')wherethesuperficialpartofthetendonterminates.Theinter-
tubercular groove (28) is covered craniolaterally by the major
tubercle, so that it is not visible in lateral view. The intermediate
tubercleisinsignificant,unlikethatofthehorse.Onthemedialsur-
faceofthebodyofthehumerus(31)istheraisedtuberosityofthe
teresmajor(32').Laterallythehookedteresminortuberosity(27')
and the crest-like deltoid tuberosity (32) stand out. On the distal
end of the humerus, the articular surface is the humeral condyle
(35). The lateral epicondyle (38) and the medial epicondyle (39)
includeareasforattachmentofthecollateralligg.andcaudalpro-
jections for the origins of flexor mm. The caudally located olecra-
nonfossa(40)andthecranialradialfossa(41)arelikethoseofthe Digital Bones of the Manus
horse.
c) The two BONES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)
remain complete, and, except for a proximal (62') and a distal (dorsal) (palmar)
(62") interosseous space, are joined by syndesmosis in youth and
by a synostosis in later life. The radius is flattened and relatively
short. The articular circumference of carnivores is reduced to two
Dorsalandpalmar
small caudal articular facets (44) in ungulates. The slightly elevat-
longitudinalgrooves
ed radial tuberosity (46) lies farther distally than in the dog and
horse. On the distal end the radius bears the radial trochlea (48), Distalmetacarpal
withtendongroovesonthecranialsurface,andthemedialstyloid canal
process(50)medially.Theproximalendoftheulna,theolecranon
tuber (52), is a crest with two tubercles, projecting above the
radius. The distal end, the pointed lateral styloid process (61),
extendsdistallybeyondtheradius,withwhichitisfused,andartic-
ulateswiththeulnarcarpalbone.
'
d) The proximal row of CARPAL BONES consists of the radial
(63),intermediate(63'),ulnar(64),andthethick,bulbousaccesso-
ry(65),carpalbones.Ofthebonesofthedistalrow,CIisalways
Abaxialandaxial
missing,CIIandCIII(66)arefused,andCIV(66)isarelatively palmaremi-
larger,separatebone. nences
e) OftheMETACARPALBONES,McIandMcIIareabsent,and
McVisamuchreduced,rod-likebonearticulatingwithMcIV.The
weight-bearingmainmetacarpalbones(McIIIandMcIV)arenot
completely fused, as shown by the dorsal and palmar longitudinal
grooves with the perforating proximal and distal metacarpal
canals,andbytheintercapitalnotch(69')betweenthetwoseparate
distalheads(capita,69).Internallythereisanincompletebonysep-
tum between the marrow cavities. On the proximal base (67) the
flat articular surface is partially divided by a palmar notch into a
largermedialpartandasmallerlateralpart.
f) The PHALANGES form two main digits (III and IV) and two
dewclaws(paradigitiIIandV).Thesidesofthedigitsaredesignat-
edaxialandabaxialwithreferencetothelongaxisofthelimb,and
thejointsarecalled,forthesakeofbrevity,thefetlock,pastern,and
coffinjoints,asinthehorse.OnlyondigitsIIIandIVarethreepha-
langespresent:theproximal(70),middle(71),anddistal(76)pha-
langes.Theyaresomewhatprismatic,beingflattenedontheinter- '
digital surface. The prominent abaxial palmar eminence (see text
figure)oftheprox.phalanxisalandmarkforthefetlockjoint.The ''
dorsalborderofthedistalphalanxextendsfromtheextensorproc.
(78) to the apex. The dewclaws, which do not reach the ground,
'''
except on soft footing, lack the proximal phalanx, and sometimes
alsothemiddlephalanx,andareattachedtothemaindigitsbyfas-
cialligamentsonly.
2
Bones of the Thoracic Limb
Scapula
Costalsurface (1)
Serratedsurface (2)
Subscapularfossa (3)
Lateralsurface (4)
Scapularspine (5)
Tuberofscap.spine (5')+-
Supraspinousfossa (6)
Infraspinousfossa (7)
Acromion (8)
Caudalborder (10)
Cranialborder (11)
Scapularnotch (12)
Dorsalborder (13)
Scapularcartilage (14)
Caudalangle (15)
Cranialangle (16)
Ventralangle (17)
Glenoidcavity (18)
Neckofscapula (19)
Supraglenoidtubercle (21)+-
Coracoidprocess (22) 5'
Humerus
Headofhumerus (23)
Neckofhumerus (24)
Majortubercle (25)
Cranialpart (25')
Caudalpart (25")
Crestofmajortubercle (26)+-
Infraspinatussurface (26')
Tricepsline (27)
Teresminortuberosity (27')
Intertuberculargroove (28)
Minortubercle (29)
Cranialpart (29')
Caudalpart (29")
Bodyofhumerus (31)
29'' Deltoidtuberosity (32)
25''
Teresmajortuberosity (32')
25'
Crestofhumerus (33)
29' Brachialisgroove (34)
Condyleofhumerus (35)
Lateralepicondyle (38) 27'
Lateralsupracondylarcrest (38') 29' 26'
32' Medialepicondyle (39)
Olecranonfossa (40)
Radialfossa (41)
Radius
Headofradius (43) 38'
Articularfacets (44)
Neckofradius (45)
Radialtuberosity (46)
Bodyofradius (47)
Trochleaofradius (48)
Medialstyloidprocess (50)
Ulna
Olecranon (51)
Olecranontuber (52)
Anconealprocess (53)
Trochlearnotch (54)
Medialcoronoidprocess (55)
62' Lateralcoronoidprocess (56) 62'
Radialnotch (57)
Bodyofulna (58)
Headofulna (59)
Lateralstyloidprocess (61)
Prox.interosseousspace (62')
Dist.interosseousspace (62")
Carpalbones
Radialcarpalbone (63)
Intermediatecarpalbone (63')
Ulnarcarpalbone (64)
Accessorycarpalbone (65)
CarpalbonesIIandIIIfused (66)
62'' CarpalboneIV (66)
MetacarpalbonesIIIandIV,V
Base (67)
TuberosityofMcIII (67')
Body (68)
Heads (capita,69)
63' Intercapitalnotch (69')
Digitalbones
Proximalphalanx (70)
Middlephalanx (71)
Base (72)
Body (73)
Head (74)
Flexortuberosity (75)
Distalphalanx (coffinbone76)
Abaxialforamen (76')
Axialforamen (76")
Parietalgroove (76"')
Articularsurface (77)
Extensorprocess (78)
Flexortubercle (79)
Proximalsesamoidbones (83) 69'
Distalsesamoid(navicular)bone (84)
(Seealsop.2textfigure)
69'
3