Boukhemis, Kaddour (1983) Algerian development and urbanisation : a case study of Skikda. PhD ...

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Boukhemis, Kaddour (1983) Algerian development and urbanisation : a
case study of Skikda. PhD thesis.

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ALGERIAN DEVELOPMENT AND URBANISATION.
CASE STUDY OF SKIKDA
.A
by
Kaddour Boukhemis,
M. Sc.,
Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
in the Department
Geography
of
University
Glasgow
of
August, 1983
TO
Wife
my
and
Parents
my
(1)
C0NTENTS
Page
List Tables
of iv
List Figures
of
vii
List Plates
of
Viii
Acknowledgements
ix
Abstract
x
Abbreviations
xi
Introduction
1
PART ONE
Chapter One: FACTORS IN ALGERIA'S ECONOMIC
8
DEVELOPMENT
1.1 land Climate 8
and
a. Physical features 8
b. Climatic
14
constraints
1.2 Population
19
and urbanisation
Population
a. 19
b. Urbanisation
24
1.3 Natural Resources
37
Minerals
a. 37
b. Petroleum
and natural gas 40
Chapter two: THE STRUCTURE OF THE ALGERIAN
ECONOMY
43
2.1 The Colonial Era 43
2.2 The Post Independence Economic
Development.
49
2.3 The Algerian Strategy for
Economic Recovery
52
2.4 Problems Setting Up
of
Industries
the Role
and of
the Government.
56
(ii)
Page
Chapter Three: DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN ALGERIA 60
3.1 Review the Development
of various
Plans
60
3.2 The Development Integrated
of an
Industrial Sector 69
a. General Characteristics 69
b. Establishment basic industries 72
of
3.3 The Weakness the Agricultural
of
Sector
75
3.4 Labour Force the
and nature of
Employment Problem 77
Chapter Four: REGIONAL ECONOMIC THEORY AND
ALGERIAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT 84
4.1 The Regional Growth Process 84
4.2 Growth Pole Theory Strategies 85
and
4.3 The Development Poles Policy 89
4.4 The Role Cities in Regional
of
Development
94
PART TWO
Chapter Five: SKIKDA AND ITS REGIONAL SETTING 97
5.1 The Wilaya Location
: and
Regional Contrasts
97
5.2 People the Environment 102
and
5.3 Transport Network 114
Chapter Six: THE SPATIAL AND ECONOMIC
TRANSFORMATION OF SKIKDA 117
6.1 Historical Background
117
6.2 Character Internal Structure
and
the Modern City
of 122
(iii)
Page
6.3 The Foundation the Modern
of
Industrial Pattern 131
6.4 Manpower Employment 136
and
Structure the labour force 137
a. of
b. The industrial 147
complex
Chapter Seven: DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF SKIKDA 157
7.1 Population Growth 157
7.2 Population Composition 162
7.3 Recent Migration Movements to
169
Skikda
Characteristics the
a. of migrants
flows 170
and migrant
b. Analytical
perspective on
197
migration
7.4 Future Trends Skikda's
of
201
Population
207
Conclusion
220
Appendix
236
Bibliography
.
(iv)
List Tables
of
Page
1.1 Climatic Characteristics Selected Areas 16
of
1.2 Population Growth Rate, 1901-1977 20
1.3 Demographic Characteristics the
of
Algerian Population, 1901-1979 20
1.4 Population Structure, 1977 21
1.5 Some Characteristics the Female Marriage
of
Rate in Algeria in Comparison that
with
22
France
of
1.6 Rural-Urban Popualtion Change, 1966-77 27
1.7 Algerian Cities Number Population,
: and
29
1966-77
1.8 Population Ratio the 2nd & 3rd City
of
to the Capital 33
1.9 Mineral Resources Production, 1974-78 39
1.10 Production Crude Oil, 1967-80 41
of
2.1 Enrolment in Secondary Higher Education 44
and
3.1 Date Category Development Plans 61
and of
3.2 Investment by Sector during the Three-Year
Plan, 1967-69 61
3.3 Investment by Sector in the First Four-Year
(1970-73) 62
Plan,
3.4 Investment by Sector in the Second Four-Year
(1974-77) 63
Plan
3.5 Sectoral Allocation Realisation in the
and
Communal Development Plans, 1977 68
3.6 Structure Algeria's Manufacturing
of
Industry Compared to Tunisia Morocco 71
and
3.7 Active Population Structure, 1977 78
3.8 Distribution the Labour Force by
of
Economic Sectors, 1977 79
3.9 Evolution the Labour Force in Algeria,
of
1966-77 80
5.1 Size Population, Wilaya Skikda 101
and of
5.2 Regional Densities, 1966-1977 103
5.3 Rural-Urban Popualtion Evolution, 1966-77 104
(v)
Page
5.4 Characteristics the Urban Centres
of of
the Wilaya 106
5.5 Volume Migration the Wilaya 108
of within
5.6 Distribution Labour Force by Activity
of
Sector, Wilaya, 1977 109
5.7 Structure the Labour Force, 1977 110
of
5.8 Age Structure the Unemployed Labour
of
Force (STR 1+ STR 2), 1977 ill
6.1 Labour Force Evolution in Skikda Commune,
1966-77 140
6.2 Distribution the Occupied Popualtion
of
by Branch Economic Activity, Skikda
of
Commune, 1977 141
6.3 Evolution Non-agricultural Employment
of
in Algeria, 1966-77 142
6.4 Employment by Sex Economic Sectors in
and
Skikda, 1977 143
6.5 Female Labour Force Participation in
Skikda to the Four Algerian
compared
Metropolises, 1977 144
6.6 Changes in Labour Participation the
of
Young Old-age in Algeria 144
and groups,
6.7 Activity Rates by in Skikda, 1977 145
sex
6.8 Distribution Employment by Major
of
Socio-professional Categories Branch
and
Economic Activities in Skikda, 1977 146
of
6.9 Origin the Permanent Industrial Work
of
Force, 1980 150
6.10 Present Residence the Labour Force, 1980 152
of
6.11 Other Characteristics the Labour Force 152
of
6.12 Skikda's Unemployed Labour to
compared
the Four Algerian 1977 154
metropolises,
6.13 Distribution the Unemployed Labour
of
Force by Age-group, in Skikda, 1977 155
7.1 Population Evolution Skikda Commune,
of
184S-1977
158
7.2 Annual Growth Rates, 1845-1977 159
(vi )
Page
7.3 Distribution Population by Broad Age
of
Categories Median Age, 1977 165
and
7.4 Age Distribution Median Age by Sex 165
and
7.5 Sex Ratios by Age Groups, 1977 166
7.6 Life Expectancy Birth in Algeria 166
at
7.7 Dependency Ratio, 1977 167
7.8 Lifetime Migration to Skikda Commune 171
7.9 Recent Migration to Skikda Commune, 1962-77 176
7.10 Migrant Population by District 178
7.11 Distribution
Migrant Total Population
of and
by Area, 1977 179
by
7.12 Distribution Migrant Population/Area
of and
by Origin 182
7.13 Distribution the Migrant Population by
of
Area Origin 185
of
7.14 Distribution the Migrant Population
of
by Period Arrival 188
of
7.15 Type Migration Flows 189
of
7.16 Distribution the Migrant Population
of
by Age Sex 192
and
7.17 Distribution the Migrants by Sex
of
date Arrival 192
and of
7.18 Characteristics the Migrant Population
of
to the Total Population 194
compared
7.19 Migrant Population by Kinship Status,
Skikda Commune 194
7.20 Differences in Educat ional Attainment
between the Total Migrant Population 195
and
7.21 Educational Attainmen ts the Migrant
of
Population 196
7.22 Skikda's Demographic Projection, 1980-1990 202
7.23 Population Structure Skikda, 1990 203
of
(Vii )
List Figures
of
Page
1.1 Algeria : Geopolitical Location 9
1.2 Algeria Major Physical features 11
:
1.3 Algeria Rainfall 17
:
1.4 Major Mineral Resources in Algeria 38
3.1 Regional development Programmes, 1966-73 66
5.1 The Wilaya Skikda 98
of
5.2 Major Physical Features the Wilaya 99
of
5.3 Population Change 1966-77, Wilaya Skikda 105
of
5.4 Population Structure by Age Sex, Skikda
and
Wilaya, 1977 112
5.5 Transport Network, Wilaya Skikda 115
of
6.1 Spatial Skikda 119
expansion of
6.2 Morphological Zones Skikda 121
of
6.3 Location key Services in Skikda 125
of
6.4 Site Skikda in Relation to Physical
of
Constraints 180
6.5 Location the New Industrial Zone 133
of
6.6 Employment Variation in the Industrial
Zone 1975-80 148
6.7 Distribution the Permanent Industrial
of
Work Force by Age-Group by Plant 149
and
7.1 Population Structure by Age Sex,
and
Skikda Commune, 1977 164
7.2 Distribution Migrant Population, 1977 177
of
7.3 Percentage Migrants in the Total
of
Population Skikda by District. 180
of
7.4 Distribution Migrant Population by Origin 183
of
7.5 Migrant Flows to Skikda Commune 186
7.6 Age Structure the Migrant
and sex of
Population, Skikda Commune, 1977 191