Boudica: The British Revolt Against Rome AD 60 PDF
Preview Boudica: The British Revolt Against Rome AD 60
BOUDICA the British Revolt against Rome 6o AD GRAHAM WEBSTER ~~ ~~o~!~~~~~up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published I978 by B.T. Batsford Ltd Revised edition 199 3 Reprinted 1999, 2003, 2004 by Routledge II New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Transferred to Digital Printing 2004 Routledge is an imprint oft he Taylor & Francis Group © 1978 Graham Webster The right of Graham Webster to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act I988 Typeset in Garamond Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddies Ltd, King's Lynn. Norfolk All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-4I5-22606-6 CCoonntteennttss LLIISSTT OOFF IILLLLUUSSTTRRAATTIIOONNSS 77 MMAAPPSS AANNDD DDIIAAGGRRAAMMSS 88 AACCKKNNOOWWLLEEDDGGEEMMEENNTTSS 88 PPRREEFFAACCEE 99 PPRREEFFAACCEE TTOO RREEVVIISSEEDD EEDDIITTIIOONN 1100 IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN 1133 II SSoouurrcceess 1155 AAnncciieenntt hhiissttoorriiaannss 1155 TThhee ccoonnttrriibbuuttiioonn ooff aarrcchhaaeeoollooggyy 1188 AAeerriiaall rreeccoonnnnaaiissssaannccee 2200 22 TThhee OOppppoossiinngg FFoorrcceess aanndd tthhee SSttaattee ooff BBrriittaaiinn 5544 BBCC 24 TThhee RRoommaann aarrmmyy 24 TThhee BBrriittoonnss 27 TThhee eevviiddeennccee ooff GGaalllliicc aanndd BBrriittiisshh ccooiinnss ;o GGaalllliicc rreeffuuggeeeess 32 TThhee eevviiddeennccee ooffpp ootttteerryy 33 CCaaeessaarr''ss eexxppeeddiittiioonnss ttoo BBrriittaaiinn 34 CCoommmmiiuuss ooff tthhee AAttrreebbaatteess 37 ;3 BBrriittaaiinn bbeettwweeeenn tthhee IInnvvaassiioonnss 5544 BBCC--AADD 4433 CCuunnoobbeelliinnuuss CCaammuulloodduunnuumm TThhee AAttrreebbaatteess TThhee IIcceennii PPoosstt--AAuugguussttuuss ppoolliicciieess aanndd ttrraaddee TThhee ddeeaatthh ooff CCuunnoobbeelliinnuuss aanndd iittss aafftteerrmmaatthh 44 TThhee CCoonnqquueesstt ooff AADD 4433 5544 TThhee ccaammppaaiiggnn ooff AAuulluuss PPllaauuttiiuuss 5544 TThhee rraaiiddss ooff CCaarraattaaccuuss 5577 6 Contents The campaign against Caratacus 58 The Druids 63 The accession of Nero and the advance into Wales 83 The Storm Breaks AD 6o 86 The causes of the Revolt 86 The uprising and destruction of Camulodunum 89 The sack of London and Verulamium 93 Roman revenge 96 The aftermath 101 6 The Evidence from the Ground 103 In the territory of the Iceni 103 Celtic and Roman military equipment 103 The military dispositions after the battle 105 The Lunt at Baginton, near Coventry 107 Mancetter: the site of the battle? III 7 The Trail of Destruction IJ3 The destruction of Camulodunum 1J3 The temple of Claudius JI6 The destruction of London I20 Verulamium 12I The bronze head of Claudius 125 The Hockwold Treasure I 2 5 The Hawkedon helmet 126 The tombstone of Classicianus 127 EPILOGUE 129 REFERENCES I35 BIBLIOGRAPHY 141 GLOSSARY OF LATIN TERMS AND WORDS I43 INDEX 144 The Plates Between pages 64 and 8 I The legend: Boudica and her daughters, as portrayed in the Civic Hall, Cardiff 2 Coins of British rulers 3 Head-hunting: a scene from Trajan's Column 4 The Roman army building camps with turf ramparts, timber towers, gates and a bridge: from Trajan's Column The Emperor Nero: bronze statuette, found at Baylham House, Suffolk 6 The Emperor Claudius: bronze head, found in the River Aide 7 The fort at Ixworth in East Anglia: air photograph 8 Crop-marks of a marching camp at Horstead-with-Stanninghall, Norfolk 9 Crop-marks, including a marching camp with its well-rounded corner, near Stuston, Suffolk IO The gyrus at The Lunt, near Coventry: a reconstructed view by Alan Sorrell The granary at The Lunt: a reconstruction I I I 2 The Lunt: reconstruction of the defences I3 Length of wattle-and-daub wall, baked hard 1n destruction of Colchester AD Go I4 Dates burnt in the Boudican destruction at Colchester 5 The tombstone of Longinus from Colchester I 6 The Temple of Claudius at Colchester: a model I 7 The Verulamium inscription I 18-I9 The silver cups from Hockwold Excavation of lower courses of a Roman bastion in the city wall, 20 showing a stone from the tomb monument of Classicianus 2I Detail of block B 22 Heap of masonry, including two stones from tombstone of Classici- anus: an engraving of 18 52 23 The reconstructed tombstone of the Procurator, Julius Classicianus 24 The Hawkedon gladiator's helmet Maps and Diagrams The geology and Iron Age finds and sites of East Anglia zz I z Extent of Gallo-Belgic influence, at the time of Caesar, excluding the settlements in Kent and that of Commius 40 3 The movements of the Legions in 6o 56 4 Military dispositions under Suetonius Paullinus 9z The battle between Boudica and Paullinus in its possible Mancetter context 98 6 Plan of The Lunt fort Io8 7 Roman Colchester: the evidence of the Revolt I 14 8 Roman London: the evidence of the Revolt z z I Acknowledgements The Author and publisher wish to thank the following for permission to reproduce the photographs appearing in this book: The Trustees of the British Museum, 5, 6, I8, I9, z3, z4. Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography, 7· City of Cardiff, City of Coventry Museum, 1. I o, 11, IZ. Colchester Castle Museum, I 5, I 6. Colchester Excavation Committee, I 3, I4. Norfolk Archaeological Unit, 8, 9· Society of Anti- quaries of London, z, zo, zi, zz. Verulamium Museum, I7.
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