Bottom-Up Self-Organization in Supramolecular Soft Matter: Principles and Prototypical Examples of Recent Advances

305 Pages·2015·17.295 MB·English

by  Stefan C. Müller, Jürgen Parisi (eds.)

Springer Series in Materials Science 217
Stefan C. Müller
Jürgen Parisi Editors
Bottom-Up
Self-Organization
in Supramolecular
Soft Matter
Principles and Prototypical Examples
of Recent Advances
Springer Series in Materials Science
Volume 217
Series editors
Robert Hull, Charlottesville, USA
Chennupati Jagadish, Canberra, Australia
Richard M. Osgood, New York, USA
Jürgen Parisi, Oldenburg, Germany
Tae-Yeon Seong, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South Korea)
Shin-ichi Uchida, Tokyo, Japan
Zhiming M. Wang, Chengdu, China
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ü ü
Stefan C. M ller J rgen Parisi
(cid:129)
Editors
Bottom-Up Self-Organization
in Supramolecular
Soft Matter
Principles and Prototypical Examples
of Recent Advances
123
Editors
StefanC. Müller JürgenParisi
Department ofExperimental Physics Energy andSemiconductorResearch
University of Magdeburg Laboratory,Departmentof Physics
Magdeburg University of Oldenburg
Germany Oldenburg
Germany
ISSN 0933-033X ISSN 2196-2812 (electronic)
SpringerSeries inMaterials Science
ISBN978-3-319-19409-7 ISBN978-3-319-19410-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-19410-3
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Preface
The physics of self-organization, originally proposed by Erwin Schrödinger 70
years ago for the case of the living cell, covers a broad spectrum of complex
nonlinear phenomena, ranging from self-assembly under conditions near thermo-
dynamicalequilibriumtodissipativestructureformationfarfromequilibrium.Their
mutual interplay can give rise to increasing degrees of hierarchical order. Both,
conceptsandmethodsoftheaboveresearcharea havebeenefficientlyappliedtoa
huge variety of scientific disciplines (for example, physics, chemistry, biology,
biomedicine),sinceuniversalfeaturesemergefromtheoryandexperimentsthatare
characteristic for self-organized spatio-temporal patterns as well as the underlying
elementary mechanisms.
In the present volume, we look at the crucial role of spatial and temporal order
duringemploymentofprinciplesdevelopedonmacroscopicandmesoscopicscales
tostructureformationoccurringonnanoscales,whichoccupiesthefocusofinterest
inthefrontiersofscience.Incaseofmesoscopicallyorderedsoftmatter,exhibiting
intriguing novel properties as compared to the single building blocks, often called
bottom-up approach for nanolithography, particular emphasis will be put to dis-
tinguish between ordering processes under nonequilibrium conditions and those
arising under situations close to equilibrium. Prototypical examples of such a
material class are discussed to some extent, taking into account both fundamental
and application relevant aspects. We point out analogies and characterize differ-
ences, hence, efforts made to disclose common features in the mechanistic
description of these phenomena. This may slightly narrow the large gap between
nature and the present status of omnipresent nanotechnology.
The editors would like to thank all authors for constructive efforts to prepare
their manuscripts and to contribute to the rich variety of topics included in this
volume. Special thanks are due to Claus Ascheron and others from Springer
Heidelberg for continuous commitment, efficient support, and skillful technical
v
vi Preface
assistance. Furthermore, we gratefully acknowledge fruitful collaboration with
KinkoTsujiandPatriciaDähmlowaswellasvaluablebenefitfromDorotheaErndt,
Elzbieta Chojnowski, and Grit Schürmann during the finalization of the present
book.
Magdeburg Stefan C. Müller
Oldenburg Jürgen Parisi
Contents
1 Hierarchical Self-organization and Self-assembly:
Metal Nanoparticles in Polymer Matrices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Tomohiko Yamaguchi, Nobuhiko Suematsu and Hitoshi Mahara
1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Self-organization in Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Self-assembly and Dissipative Structure. . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Advantages of Each Self-organization . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.3 Self-organization of Hierarchy by Mutual
Assistance Between Self-assembly
and Dissipative Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Self-organization of Hierarchic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.1 Metal Nanoparticle as Conducting Material . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.2 Dissipative Structure-Assisted Self-assembly
of Metal Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Aggregate Structure and Dynamic Percolation
in Microemulsions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Martin Kraska, Björn Kuttich and Bernd Stühn
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Nanoscopic Structure of Microemulsions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1 Stability and Phase Diagrams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2 Droplet Phase: Tuning of Droplet Size
and Concentration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.3 Temperature Stability of the Droplet Phase . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.4 Critical Behaviour—Aggregation
in the Droplet Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
vii
viii Contents
2.3 Conductivity in Microemulsions: Aggregation
and Dynamic Percolation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.1 Introduction: Static and Dynamic Percolation. . . . . . . 31
2.3.2 Dielectric Properties of Microemulsions. . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4 Tuning of Droplet-Droplet Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.4.1 Shifting the Percolation Threshold by Changing
the Continuous Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.4.2 Polymeric Additives I: Homopolymers Confined
in Droplets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4.3 Polymeric Additives II: Droplet Bridging
Versus Decoration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3 Electric Field Effects in Chemical Patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Patricia Dähmlow, Chaiya Luengviriya and Stefan C. Müller
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.2 Experimental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2.1 One- and Two-Dimensional Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2.2 Three-Dimensional Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2.3 Microemulsions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.3.1 One-Dimensional Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.3.2 Two-Dimensional Waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.3.3 Three-Dimensional Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.3.4 Microemulsions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.4 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4 Charge Transport in Chain of Nanoparticles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
L.V. Govor and J. Parisi
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.2 Positioning of Nanoparticle Chains in Between
Nanogap Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.3 Electrical Field Dependence of Charge Transport
in Chain of Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.4 Analysis of the Conductivity in Chain of Particles . . . . . . . . . 93
4.5 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5 Influence of Nanoparticles on the Mechanism and Properties
of Nanocomposites Obtained in Frontal Regime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
A.O. Tonoyan, S.P. Davtyan and S.C. Müller
5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Contents ix
5.2 Polymerization Acrylamide (AAM) Under
Different Thermal Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.2.1 Polymer Nanocomposites with a Uniform
Distribution of Nanoparticles in a Polymer
Matrix Synthesized by Frontal Polymerization . . . . . . 102
5.2.2 The Influence of Thermal Conditions
of Polymerization on the Structure
of Polymer Nanocomposites
with Polyacrylamide Binder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.3 Frontal Polymerization of MMA in the Presence
of SiO Particles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2
5.3.1 The Influence of the Filling Degree of SiO
2
Particles on the Frontal Polymerization
Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.4 The Thermo-Physical Characteristics of Nanocomposite
Samples Obtained Under Conditions of Frontal
Polymerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.5 Influence of Single-Wall Nanotubes on the Stability
of Frontal Modes and Properties of Polymer
Nanocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.6 Influence of Amounts of SWCNT on the Characteristics
of Frontal Copolymerization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.7 Physico-Mechanical, Dynamic-Mechanical
and Thermo-Chemical Properties of Nanocomposites. . . . . . . . 115
5.8 SiO Nanofiller Impact on Crystallization Kinetics
2
During Adiabatic Anion Polymerization of ε-Caprolactam . . . . 118
5.8.1 Separation of Polymerization
and Crystallization Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.9 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6 Nonlinear Dynamics of Reactive Nanosystems:
Theory and Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Y. De Decker, D. Bullara, C. Barroo and T. Visart de Bocarmé
6.1 The Chemical Master Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.1.1 The Chemical Fokker-Plank Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6.2 Field Emission and Field Ion Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.3 Bistability in the H + O /Rh System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
2 2
6.4 Oscillations During the NO + H Reaction on Platinum. . . . . 143
2 2
6.5 Discussion and Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149