Bottom-up description of the French building stock, including archetype buildings and energy PDF
Preview Bottom-up description of the French building stock, including archetype buildings and energy
The three climate zones of metropolitan France, as defined by the thermal regulations of 2005. Bottom-up description of the French building stock, including archetype buildings and energy demand Master’s Degree Thesis for the Sustainable Energy Systems Programme JOSEP MARIA RIBAS PORTELLA Department of Energy and Environment Division of Energy Technology CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Göteborg, Sweden, 2012 Report No. T2012-380 REPORT NO. T2012-380 Bottom-up description of the French building stock, including archetype buildings and energy demand Master’s Degree Thesis for the Sustainable Energy Systems Programme JOSEP MARIA RIBAS PORTELLA SUPERVISOR Érika Mata EXAMINER Filip Johnsson Department of Energy and Environment Division of Energy Technology CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Göteborg, Sweden, 2012 iii Bottom-up description of the French building stock, including archetype buildings and energy demand Master’s Degree Thesis for the Sustainable Energy Systems Programme JOSEP MARIA RIBAS PORTELLA © JOSEP MARIA RIBAS PORTELLA, 2012 Technical report no T2012-380 Department of Energy and Environment Division of Energy Technology Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Göteborg Sweden Telephone + 46 (0)31-772 1000 Cover: The three climate zones in metropolitan France, as defined by the thermal regulations of 2005 (Cegibat, 2012). Chalmers ReproService Göteborg, Sweden 2012 iv Bottom-up description of the French building stock, including archetype buildings and energy demand Thesis for the degree of Masters in Sustainable Energy Systems at Chalmers University JOSEP MARIA RIBAS PORTELLA Department of Energy and Environment Division of Energy Technology Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg, Sweden Abstract The work of this thesis was undertake to address an urgent need to describe the European building stock, so as to allow future assessments of the effects of different energy-saving measures. The available information on building stocks in Europe is very limited. In this respect, this work contributes to the compilation of a European building stock database. The French building stock is described in this thesis by means of archetype buildings, following a methodology that was developed earlier within the Pathways Project . A bottom-up approach is used for this description, starting with segmentation of the building stock into archetype buildings, followed by characterization of these buildings and quantification of all the buildings represented by the archetype buildings. These archetype buildings are used as inputs for the Energy, Carbon and Cost Assessment for Building Stocks (ECCABS) simulation tool, to calculate the energy demand (for heating, hot water, and electricity) of the stock. The resulting energy demand is thereafter compared to the values for energy consumption in France, obtained from statistical databases, to validate the method. In this thesis, we estimate that 54 residential buildings and 45 non-residential archetype buildings would be needed to describe the entire French building stock. The calculated final energy demand (disregarding the energy used for cooking) is 435.7 TWh/year for the residential sector and non-residential 179.4 TWh/year for the non- residential sector. These values are slightly lower (between 1.1% and 7.4% lower) than those in the official statistics. It is concluded that the French building stock can be described using the data available in the literature and the applied methodology. In addition, it is demonstrated that the v ECCABS model is suitable for application to a temperate climate country, such as France. Keywords: French building stock, reference buildings, bottom-up description, sustainable energy systems, energy demand, ECCABS, modeling, residential, non-residential vi Acknowledgments I would like to thank my examiner, Professor Filip Johnsson, for giving me the opportunity to develop this Master’s Degree thesis at Chalmers University of Technology, and thereby complete the degree of Master in Sustainable Energy Systems. Special thanks to my supervisor, Erika Mata, who accepted to conduct this thesis by distance, demonstrating her confidence in me. I thank her for the time that she has dedicated to this work and to always answering my emails as quickly as possible. I thank Georgina Medina for valuable advice at the beginning of the thesis. A big ‘thank you’ to David Pallarés, co-ordinator of my Master’s programme, without whom I wouldn’t have been able to come to Sweden, and who always helped me when needed. I also thank my family for their comprehension while I was working on this thesis. Thanks to the people in Frölunda, Högsbo, and my classmates in the Master’s programme for many unforgettable moments In Göteborg. Lastly and especially, thanks to my Sandrita… vii Table of contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ v Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ vii 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1Background .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Context of the master thesis ............................................................................................... 2 1.3 Aim ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Structure of the report ........................................................................................................ 3 2 Data sources ............................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 International data bases...................................................................................................... 5 2.2 National institutions ............................................................................................................ 6 2.3 Policies and regulations ..................................................................................................... 10 3 Methodology: ........................................................................................................................... 14 3.1 The ECCABS model ............................................................................................................ 15 3.2 Segmentation of the building stock .................................................................................. 16 3.3 Characterization of the archetype buildings ..................................................................... 22 3.4 Quantification of the French building stock ...................................................................... 42 3.5 Fuels used for heating purposes ....................................................................................... 48 4 Results ...................................................................................................................................... 52 4.1 Results of segmentation for archetype buildings ............................................................. 52 4.2 Results from characterization of the archetype buildings ................................................ 55 4.3 Results of the quantification ............................................................................................. 58 4.4 Results from the ECCABS simulation and validation ......................................................... 58 5 Sensitivity analysis .................................................................................................................... 66 6 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 72 7 Conclusions and further work .................................................................................................. 77 8 References ................................................................................................................................ 79 Annex A : Heated floor area for education ......................................................................... 84 Annex B : Number of people in non-residential buildings .................................................. 89 Annex C : TC values ............................................................................................................. 93 Annex D : Sanitary ventilation rate for health subsector .................................................. 102 Annex E : Calculation of energy consumption in D.O.M. .................................................. 103 Annex F : Number of dwellings in the residential sector .................................................. 104 Annex G : Number of buildings in the residential sector .................................................. 106 viii Annex H : Surface of non-residential buildings constructed ............................................. 107 Annex I : Results for characterization of the archetype buildings, residential. ................ 109 Annex J : Results for characterization of the archetype buildings, non-residential ......... 111 Annex K: Number of buildings in the non-residential sector ............................................ 113 Annex L : Final energy consumption investigation for the residential sector ................... 114 Annex M : Calculationof non-residential sector energy consumption ............................. 115 Annex N : Energy consumption for cooking in non-residentialnon-residential buildings 116 ix 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Over the past two decades, there has been growing concern globally regarding the high-level usage of energy in developed countries, and the associated effects in terms of climate change, scarcity of resources etc. Among the possible strategies to reduce energy usage, and concomitantly the levels of CO 2 emissions, improvements in energy efficiency within the building sector is under investigation, as this sector is among the highest energy consumers and CO emitters. In fact, in the EU-27 2 countries in 2009, the building sector accounted for 39% of the final energy consumption (Eurostat, 2009). Specifically, the building sector in France accounted for 44% of the final energy consumption (Figure 1.1) and 23% of the national CO emissions in 2009 (ADEME, 2 2011). Since more than half of the French buildings are considered to be old (i.e., built before 1975) and therefore of low efficiency (ADEME, 2011), there is strong potential for energy efficiency improvements that would lead to a decrease in an important proportion of the total energy consumption in Europe. The building stock in France accounted for 17% of the energy consumed in this sector in 2009 in the EU-15 countries (Eurostat, 2009), representing the second largest consumer after Germany. Energy savings can be substantial when appropriate energy saving measures are applied. Efforts have been undertaken to reduce energy consumption in buildings in France. The first thermal regulations of 1975 in France had the stated objective of decreasing energy consumption. As a result, consumption was reduced from 325 kWh/m2 in 1973 to 181 kWh/m2 in 1998, thanks to the refurbishment of all buildings and the introduction of strict technical regulations for new buildings (Balaras, 2004). Figure 1.1: Final energy consumption in France by sector. Values shown are tonne of oil equivalents (tonne-equivalent petrol, tep) (ADEME, Les chiffres clés du bâtiment, 2011). Key to color coding: non-energy purposes, pink; transportation, yellow; agriculture, green; residential and non-residential, clear blue; industry with exception of iron metallurgy, orange; and iron metallurgy, dark blue. 1
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