Botany Illustrated PDF
Preview Botany Illustrated
Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] JaniceGlimn-Lacy PeterB.Kaufman 6810ShadowBrookCourt DepartmentofMolecular,Cellular,and Indianapolis,IN46214-1901 DevelopmentalBiology USA UniversityofMichigan [email protected] AnnArbor,MI48109-1048 USA [email protected] LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2005935289 ISBN-10:0-387-28870-8 eISBN:0-387-28875-9 ISBN-13:978-0387-28870-3 Printedonacid-freepaper. (cid:1)C 2006JaniceGlimn-LacyandPeterB.Kaufman All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+BusinessMedia,Inc.,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarly analysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetaken asanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica. (TB/MVY) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Preface Thisisadiscoverybookaboutplants.Itisforeveryone For those interested in the methods used and the interested in plants including high school and college/ sourcesofplantmaterialsintheillustrations,anexpla- university students, artists and scientific illustrators, nationfollows.Foradevelopmentalseriesofdrawings, senior citizens, wildlife biologists, ecologists, profes- there are several methods. One is collecting several sionalbiologists,horticulturistsandlandscapedesign- specimens at one time in different stages of develop- ers/architects,engineersandmedicalpractitioners,and ment;forexample,severalbudsandflowersofaplant physicaltherapistsandtheirpatients.Hereisanoppor- (see29)andbuttontomatureformsofmushrooms(see tunitytobrowseandchoosesubjectsofpersonalinter- 50,51).Then,somearecutopentoobservepartsand est,toseeandlearnaboutplantsastheyaredescribed. decidehowtopresentthem,whileothersaretousefor By adding color to the drawings, plant structures be- finaldrawings.Anothermethodiswaitingfortheplantto come more apparent and show how they function in change,whichinvolves“forcing”stems(see14),germi- life.Thecolorcodecluestellhowtocolorfordefinition nating seeds (see 40), watching one leaf expand (see andanillusionofdepth.Formoreinformation,thetext 69),anddrawingaflowerinoneseasonanditsmature explains the illustrations. The size of the drawings in fruitinanother(see104,109,110,111).Analternative relation to the true size of the structures is indicated towaitingforfruitistouseacollectionofdryorfrozen by × 1 (the same size) to × 3000 (enlargement from specimens, so that as spring flowers appear, the later truesize)and×n/n(reductionfromtruesize). maturingfruitscanbeseenatthesametime(see102, 105,106). The contents reflect a balanced selection of botani- cal subject matter with emphasis on flowering plants, Inthefirstsection,introductiontoplants,therearesev- the dominant plants of the earth. After a page about eral sources for various types of drawings. Hypothet- plant names and terms, the book is divided into three ical diagrams show cells, organelles, chromosomes, sections. The first is an introduction to plants, show- the plant body indicating tissue systems and experi- ing structure and function; then, major groups, provid- ments with plants, and flower placentation and repro- ing an overview of the diverse forms; and lastly, one- ductivestructures.Forexample,thereisnoaverageor seventh of the flowering plant families, with the accent standard-looking flower; so, to clearly show the parts onthoseofeconomicimportance.Thesequenceinthe of a flower (see 27), a diagram shows a stretched out sectionsissimpletocomplex(celltoseed),primitiveto and exaggerated version of a pink (Dianthus) flower advanced(blue-greenstofloweringplants),andunspe- (see 87). A basswood (Tilia) flower is the basis for cializedtospecialized(magnoliastoastersandwater- diagrams of flower types and ovary positions (see plantains to orchids). Where appropriate, an “of inter- 28). Another source for drawings is the use of pre- est” paragraph lists ways these genera are relevant in pared microscope slides of actual plant tissues. Some ourlives(categoriesincludeuseasfood,ornamentals, are traced from microscope slide photographs such lumber,medicines,herbs,dyes,fertilizers;noticeofwild as cross-sections, vascular bundles, and transections. or poisonous; and importance in the ecosystem). “Of Scanning and transmission electron micrographs are interest”sectionsinBotanyIllustrated,secondedition, tracedforchloroplasts,amyloplasts,trichomes,intern- have been expanded to include many more topics of odes,andpollengrains.Preservedmuseumspecimens interest. providethesourceforanimalsinthepollinationseries. The remainder of the drawings are from actual plants Evolutionary relationships and the classification of foundinnature,thegrocerystore,plantnurseries,farm plantshavebeenundergoingmanychangesinthepast fields, botanical gardens, florist shops, and suburban twodecadessincethefirstedition.Inthiseditioncontro- yards. versial categories have been eliminated allowing indi- vidualstobeexposedtocurrentthinkingonplantclas- Inthemajorgroupssection,threepageshavehypothet- sification. Classification from this second edition may ical diagrams, indicated in the captions. Other micro- befoundintheIndexunder“FungiKingdom”and“Plant scopicformsarefromobservationsoflivingmaterialor Kingdom.”Pagesonbacteriahavebeeneliminatedand preparedmicroscopeslides.Forplantsnotlocallyavail- two new pages on plant fossils, with accompanying il- able,dry-pressedherbariumspecimensaremeasured lustrations,havebeenadded.Everytextpagehasun- fordrawings(Stylites,Helminthostachys,Gnetum,and dergoneextensiverevision. Ephedra)ormachine-copiedandtraced(habitdrawings v Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] of filamentous algae) or chemically revived to three For the flowering plant families section, except for two dimensions (bryophytes) for drawing with the use of indicateddiagramsinthegrassfamily,allthedrawings a dissecting microscope. Drawings are also made arefromactualplantsgleanedfromfields,forests,road- from liquid-preserved specimens (Tmesipteris habit, sideditches,bogs,neighbors’yards,botanicalconser- Welwitschia and Ginkgo reproductive structures). For vatories,floristshops,grocerystores,andourgardens. the majority of this section’s drawings (including Wel- Thebumblebeearrivedofitsownaccord. witschiahabit),livingorganismsareused. JaniceGlimn-Lacy PeterB.Kaufman vi Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Color Code Clues The illustrations may be colored by using the easy-to- and as muted and less distinct when distant. Accord- follow Color Code. Each drawing has lines from struc- ingly, by the use of bright shades of colors for fore- turestoletters,duplicatedintheColorCode.Allstruc- ground structures and muted shades for background tures similar to the one with a line and letter are the structures, your colored pictures will appear more 3- samecolor;forexample,onlyoneoffivepetalsmaybe dimensional.Darkershadesofacoloronthedot-and- identified.Coloredpencilsarerecommendedforpleas- lineshadowareaswilladdtotheeffect. ing results. My personal preference is Berol Prisma- color pencils. The colors needed are 2 shades of red, Toavoidhavingagreenbook,theillustrationoffoliage green, and blue, and 1 each of orange, yellow, pink, has been kept to a minimum with an abundant vari- purple, brown, and black. Sometimes the Color Code etyofcolorsindicatedthroughout.Intheintroductionto listsdoublecolorssuchasyellow-green,red-brown,or plantssection,thereisuniformityofadesignatedcolor. purple-green.Colorthesameareawithalighttouchof Forexample,water-conductingtissueandcells(xylem) both colors for the closest resemblance to the plant’s arealwayscolor-codedblue,sothatasyoulookatyour naturalcolor.Ablackpencilusedlightlyprovidesagray coloredpages,youseehowwatermoveswithinaplant. color. White is to remain blank. Using pink over light Forenlargedflowerdrawingsinthefloweringplantfam- purple results in a lavender color. So as not to color iliessection,truecolorsofflowerpartsareindicatedin areas that are to remain white or have small areas of theColorCode.Dottedlinesindicatewherestructures color,followtheorderlistedintheColorCodeforanin- have been cut, show “see-through” areas, or separate dividualdrawing.Letters,missingfromtheColorCode, color areas. Some lines are close together, others are are in the text. They usually indicate structures shown singlelinestocolor,butacoloroverlapofthelineswill asblackoutlinesorcolorlessareas. notdetractfromtheover-allresult. When drawing a 3-dimensional object, scientific illus- Begin with the first page, which explains the names tratorstraditionallyuseanupper-leftlightsourceonthe used, then choose any page that strikes your interest. object, which casts shadows on the lower right. Con- If a flowering plant structure is new to you, it would be verting those shadows into ink dots (stipple) and lines mosthelpfultolookoverthestructureofthestem(14), (hatch)withinthedrawingoutlinecreatesanillusionof leaf (21, 23), flower (27, 28), and fruit types (38, 39). depth. Another aid to realism in black-and-white draw- Then, you will be ready to explore. Some discoveries ings is to show foreground structures as darker and are seeing how an apple flower matures into an apple larger than background ones. Obvious examples us- (see 99), finding that grape flowers have flip-top petal ingthistechniquearethepitcher-plantleaves(see91) caps(see104),andlearningthatinsideacommongar- and the iris flower and leaves (see 129). We see col- densageflowerisamechanical“arm”forstickingpollen ored objects as brighter and more distinct when near onvisitingbees(see113). vii Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Acknowledgements We wish to thank the following colleagues of The Uni- Weatherbee, and Catherine Webley. Also, we wish to versity of Michigan for their contribution and review of thankDr.PeterCarson,Dr.TomasCarlson,Dr.Michael specifictopics:Dr.JosephBeitel,lycopods;Dr.Michael Christianson, Dr. Michael Evans, Dr. Jack Fisher, and Carleton,bats;Dr.AllenFife,lichens;Dr.MichaelHuft, Dr.JamesWells. euphorbs; Dr. Thomas Rosatti, heaths; Dr. Ann Sakai, maples;Dr.AlanSimon,birds;Dr.Wm.WaytThomas, For reviewing the text format and page design, read- sedges; Dr. Kerry S. Walter, orchids. Also, we would ing and coloring sample pages, and suggesting many liketothankthefollowingUniversityofMichiganBotany helpful changes, we thank the 80 beginning biology Faculty in the Department of Botany (now, Depart- students of James Lenic and James Potoczak of the mentofEcologyandEvolutionaryBiologyandDepart- West High School, Garden City, Michigan, 1980, and ment of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biol- the93practicalbotanystudentsofDr.EricSteiner,Dr. ogy);Dr.HowardCrum,bryophytes;Dr.HarryDouthit, Kit Streusand, Dr. Lucinda Thompson, Dr. Gay Troth, bacteria;Dr.RobertShaffer,fungi;Dr.WilliamR.Taylor, and Dr. James Winsor of the University of Michigan. algae;Dr.EdwardG.Voss,grasses;andDr.WarrenH. From the School of Art and Design at The University Wagner, Jr., ferns, plus access to his extensive plant ofMichigan,weareindebtedtoDouglasHesseltinefor collections;thestaffsoftheUniversityHerbarium,Mu- bookdesignsuggestions,toDuaneOvermyerfortypog- seum of Natural History and University Science Li- raphylessons,andWilliamL.Brudonasbothinstructor brary for advice, loans of resource materials, use of ofbiologicalillustrationandasanadvisorandfriend. microscopes,booksandotherprintedmaterials.Dr.P. Dayananadanwasespeciallygenerouswithhisexcel- Belatedly,wewishtogratefullythankoureditoratVan lent scanning electron micrographs. For assistance in Nostrand & Reinhold, Susan Munger, for the first edi- obtainingrareandout-of-seasonlivingplants,wethank tion.Nowwiththepublicationofthesecondedition,we William Collins, Jane LaRue, and Patricia Pachuta of wishtowholeheartedlythankoureditorsJaccoFlipsen, theUniversityofMichiganMatthaeiBotanicalGardens. KeriWitman,andShoshanaSternlichtatSpringer.Also, We also thank Dr. David Darby of the University of manythankstoRobertMagedandhisSpringerproduc- Minnesotaforhisreviewofgeologicalinformation.For tionstaff. palms,wethankDr.AckermanoftheGarfieldConser- vatory,Chicago.Forlocatingregionalplants,weappre- Lastly, we express our special appreciation to our ciate the assistance of Robert Anderson, Patricia and families—Jack, John, and Jim Lacy and Hazel, Linda, Terrance Glimn, Marie Mack, Lorraine Peppin, Ellen andLauraKaufman. ix Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Contents v Preface vii ColorCodeClues ix Acknowledgements IntroductiontoPlants 1 NamesandTerms 2 CellStructure 3 CellOrganelles 4 CellPigments 5 Cell—WaterMovement 6 CellChromosomes 7 Cell—Mitosis 8 CellTypes 9 TissueSystemsofthePlantBody 10 Tissue—Epidermis 11 Tissue—PrimaryVascularSystem 12 RootTypesandModifications 13 RootTissues 14 StemStructure 15 StemTissues 16 StemModifications 17 Stem—WaterTransport 18 Stem—FoodTransport 19 Stem—ApicalDominance 20 Stem—GrowthMovements 21 LeafTypesandArrangement 22 LeafTissues 23 LeafModifications 24 Leaf—Photosynthesis 25 Leaf—NutrientDeficiencySymptoms 26 FlowerInitiationinResponsetoDaylength 27 FlowerStructure 28 FlowerStructureVariations 29 FlowerDevelopment 30 Flower—Meiosis 31 Flower—PollenDevelopment 32 Flower—OvuleDevelopment 33 FlowerPollinationbyInsects 34 FlowerPollinationbyInsects(continued) xi Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected]
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