borland :: borland C++ :: Borland C++ Version 3.1 Users Guide 1992

238 Pages·1992·9.4 MB·English

3.1
USER'S GUIDE
• INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENT
• OPTIMIZATION
• COMMAND·lINE COMPILER
• INSTALLATION
BORLAND
Bar/ana C++
Version 3.1
BORLAND INTERNATIONAL, INC. 1800 GREEN HILLS ROAD
P.O. BOX 660001, SCOTTS VALLEY, CA 95067-0001
Copyright © 1991, 1992 by Borland International. All rights reseNed.
All Borland products are trademarks or registered trademarks of
Borland International, Inc. Other brand and product names are
trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
Windows, as used in this manual, refers to Microsoft's
implementation of a windows system.
PRINTED IN THE USA.
Rl 1098765
c o s
N T E N T
Introduction 1 The I e option ................... 23
What's in Borland C++ ................. 1 The Ih option ................... 23
Hardware and software requirements ... 4 The II option .................... 24
The Borland C++ implementation ....... 4 The 1m option. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24
The Borland C++ package . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 The Ip option ................... 24
The User's Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 The Ir option .................... 24
The Tools and Utilities Guide ......... 6 The I s option. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24
The Programmer's Guide. . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 The I x option ................... 24
The Library Reference ............... 8 Exiting Borland C++ ............... 25
Using the manuals .................... 8 IDE components .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25
Programmers learning C or C++ ...... 9 The menu bar and menus ........... 25
Experienced C and C++ programmers . 9 Shortcuts ....................... 26
Typefaces and icons used in these books . 10 Command sets .................. 26
How to contact Borland . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11 Native option ................. 29
Resources in your package .......... 11 Borland C++ windows. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30
Borland resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11 Window management ............ 32
The status line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33
Chapter 1 Installing Borland C++ 13
Dialog boxes' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33
Using INSTALL ..................... 14
Action buttons ................... 34
Protected mode and memory ... ... . .. 15
Radio buttons and check boxes .... 34
DPMIINST .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. ... 15
Input and list boxes .............. 35
DPMIMEM ..................... 16
Configuration and project files . . . . . . . .. 36
DPMIRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16.
The configuratio~ file ............... 36
Extended and expanded memory .. 17
Project files .... '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36
Running BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
The project directory ............. 37
Laptop systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
Desktop files .................... 37
The README file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
Changing project files ............ 38
The FILELIST.DOC and HELPME!.DOC
Default files ..................... 38
files ................................ 19
The Borland C++ for Windows IDE .... 38
Example programs .................. 19
Starting Borland C++ for Windows . .. 39
Customizing the IDE ................. 19
Command-line options ........... 39
Chapter 2 IDE basics 21 Command sets .................... 39
Configuration and project files . . . . . .. 41
Starting and exiting the DOS IDE ...... 22
Using the SpeedBar ................ 41'
Command-line options ............. 22
The Ib option ................... 22 Global buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42
The I d option ................... 23 Desktop window ............... : 42
Edit windows ................... 42 Go to Cursor ................' ..... . 61
Project window .................. 42 Trace Into ........................ . 61
Message window ................ 43 Step Over ........................ . 62
Arguments ....................... . 63
Chapter 3 Menus and options
Debugger ........................ . 64
reference 45
Debugger Options ................ . 64
:: (System) menu ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46
Compile menu ..................... . 64
Repaint Desktop ................... 46
Compile ......................... . 64
Transfer items ..................... 46
Make ............................ . 65
File menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47
Link ............................. . 65
New ............................. '47
Build ............................ . 65
Open ............................. 47
Information ...................... . 66
Using the File list box ............... 48
Remove Messages ................. . 66
Save .............................. 49
Debugmenu ....................... . 66
Save As ........................... 49
Qualifying expressions ............ . 67
SaveAll .......................... 49
Inspect .......................... . 68
Change Dir ....................... 50
Ordinal Inspector windows ...... . 69
Print ............................. 51
Pointer Inspector windows ....... . 69
Printer Setup ...................... 51
Array Inspector windows ........ . 70
DOS Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51
Structure and Union Inspector
Exit .............................. 52
windows ...................... . 70
Closed file listing .................. 52
Function Inspector windows ..... . 71
Edit menu .......................... 52
Class Inspector windows ......... . 71
Undo ............................. 53
Constant Inspector window ...... . 71
Redo ............................. 53
Type Inspector window .......... . 71
Cut .............................. 54
Evaluate/Modify ................. . 71
Copy ............................. 54
Call Stack ........................ . 73
Paste .................... ',' ., ..... 54
Watches ......................... . 75
Clear ............................. 54
Add Watch ..................... . 75
Copy Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55
Delete Watch ................... . 75
Show Clipboard ................... 55
EditWatch ..................... . 75
Search menu ........................ 56
Remove All Watches ............ . 76
Find .............................. 56
Toggle Breakpoint ................ . 76
Replace ........................... 58
Breakpoints ...................... . 76
Search Again ...................... , 58
Project menu ....................... . 78
Go to Line Number ................ 59
Open Project ..................... . 78
Previous Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 59
Close Project ..................... . 79
Next Error ........................ 59
Add Item ........................ . 79
Locate Function .................... 59
Delete Item ...................... . 79
Runmenu ......................... . 59
Local Options .................... . 79
Run ............................. . 59
Include Files ..................... . 81
Source code the same ............ . 60
Browse menu ....................... . 81
Sou~ce code modified ............ . 60
Classes .......................... . 82
Program Reset .................... . 61
Functions ........................ . 82
Variables ......................... 83 Size/Move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 124
Symbols .......................... 83 Zoom ........................... 124
Rewind ........................... 83 Tile ............................. 124
Overview .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83 Cascade ......................... 125
Inspect ........................... 84 Arrange Icons .................... 125
Goto ............................. 84 Next ............................ 125
Options menu ....................... 84 Close ............................ 125
The Set Application Options dialog Close All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125
box .............................. 84 Message ......................... 125
Compiler ......................... 86 Output .......................... 126
Code Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 86 Watch ........................... 126
Advanced Code Generation ...' .... 89 User Screen ...................... 127
Entry /Exit Code ................. 91 Register ......................... 127
C++ Options .................... 93 Project. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127
Advanced C++ Options. . . . . . . . . .. 95 Project Notes .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127
Optimizations ................... 97 List All .......................... 127
Source ......................... 100 Help menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 128
. Messages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100 Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 129
Names ........................ 102 Index ............................ 129
Transfer ......................... 102 Topic Search ..................... 129
Transfer macros ................ 104 Previous Topic ................... 130
Make ............................ 104 Help on Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 130
Linker ........................... 106 Active File ....................... 130
Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 106 About ........................... 130
Libraries ....................... 108
Chapter 4 Managing multi-file
Librarian ........................ 110
projects 131
Debugger ........................ 110
Sampling the Project Manager ........ 132
Directories ....................... 113
Error tracking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 135
Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 114
Stopping a make . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 135
Environment ..................... 114
Syntax errors in multiple source files . 135
Preferences ..................... 114
Saving or deleting messages . . . . . . .. 136
Editor ......................... 116
Autodependency checking ......... 137
Highlight ...................... 118
Using different file translators ........ 138
Coloring your text ............ 118
Changing translator options ... . . . .. 138
Using the Windows system
Changing file translators ..... . . . . .. 139
colors ....................... 119
Assigning a new file translator . . . . .. 139
Changing text attributes ....... 119
Using the Project Manager to build
Desktop ....................... 121
Windows applications .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 140
Startup ........................ 121
Overriding libraries ................. 141
Colors ......................... 123
More Project Manager features ....... 141
Save ............................. 123
Looking at files in a project ......... 143
Window menu ..................... 124
Notes for your project ............. 143
iii
Chapter 5 The command-line com- A closer look at the Borland C++
piler 145 Optimizer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 182
Using the command-line compiler ..... 145 Global register allocation. . . . . . . .. 182
DPMIINST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 146 Dead-code elimination. . . . . . . . . .. 182
Running BCC .................... 146 Common subexpression
Using the options ................. 146 elimination ..................... 183
Option-precedence rules ......... 147 Loop invariant code motion ...... 183
Syntax and file names ............. 150 Copy propagation. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 184
Response files .................... 151 Pointer aliasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 184
Configuration files ................ 151 Induction-variable analysis and
Option-precedence rules ......... 152 strength reductio"n .............. 186
Compiler options ................... 152 Loop compaction ............... 187
Memory model ................... 153 Code size versus speed
Macro definitions ................. 154 optimizations .................. 187
Code-generation options . . . . . . . . . .. 155 Structure copy inlining .......... 187
The -v and -vi options . . . . . . . . . .. 159 Code compaction ............... 187
Optimization options .............. 160 Redundant load suppression ..... 188
Source-code options . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 160 Intrinsic function inlining ........ 188
Error-reporting options ............ 162 Register parameter passing . . . . . .. 189
ANSI violations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 162 Object Data .................. 189
Frequenterrors ................. 163 The _fastcall modifier .......... 190
Portability warnings. . . . . . . . . . . .. 163 Parameter rules ............... 190
C++ warnings .................. 163 Function naming. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 191
Segment-naming control .. . . . . . . . .. 164
Appendix B Editor reference 193
Compilation-control options . . . . . . .. 165
Block commands ................ :. 195
Expanded and extended memory
Other editing commands. . . . . . . . . .. 197
options .......................... 168
C++ virtual tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 168 Appendix C Usin"g EasyWin 199
C++ member pointers ............. 169 DOS to Windows made easy ......... 199
Template-generation options ....... 171 Using EasyWin in a Windows
Linker options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 171 application ......................... 200
Environment options ................ 172 Added functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 201
Backward-compatibilityoptions ...... 173 Limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 201
Searching for include and library
Appendix 0 Precompiled headers 203
files ............................. 174
File-search algorithms ............. 175 How they work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 203
An annotated example ........... 176 Drawbacks . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 204
Using precompiled headers .......... 204
Appendix A The Optimizer 179 Setting file names ................. 205
When should you use the optimizer? . 179 Establishing identity .............. 205
Optimization options ................ 180 Optimizing precompiled headers 206
Backward compatibility .......... 181
Index 209
iv
s
T A B L E
2.1: General hot keys ................... 27 3.4: DLL interdependencies ........... 109
2.2: Menu hot keys .................... 27 4.1: Project Manager defaults in the DOS
2.3: Editing hot keys ................... 28 IDE .............................. 140
2.4: Window management hot keys ...... 28 4.2: Project Manager defaults in the
2.5: Online Help hot keys .............. 28 Windows IDE .................... 140
2.6: Debugging/Running hot keys ....... 29 5.1: Command-line options summary ... 147
2.7: Manipulating windows ............ 32 A.1: Optimization options summary .... 180
2.8: General hot keys .................. 40 A.2: Parameter types and possible registers
2.9: Editing hot keys ................... 40 used ........................... 191
2.10: Online Help hot keys .............. 40 B.1: Editing commands ............... 193
2.11: Compiling/Running hot keys ..... .40 B.2: Block commands in depth ......... 196
3.1: Information settings ............... 66 B.3: Borland-style block commands ..... 197
3.2: Expression qualifiers ............... 67 B.4: Other editor commands in depth ... 197
3.3: Format specifiers recognized in
debugger expressions .............. 74
v
u s
F G R E
2.1: A typical window ................. 31 3.14: The Entry/Exit Code Generation dialog
2.2: A typical status line ................ 33 box ............................. 91
2.3: A sample dialog box .. ; ............ 34 3.15: The C++ Options dialog box ....... 93
3.1: The Open a File dialog box ......... .47 3.16: The Advanced C++ Options dialog
3.2: The Save File As dialog box ......... 49 box ............................. 95
3.3: The Change Directory dialog box .... 50 3.17: The Optimization Options dialog
3.4: The Find Text dialog box ........... 56 box ............................. 97
3.5: The Replace Text dialog box ........ 58 3.18: The Transfer dialog box ........... 102
3.6: The Breakpoints dialog box ...... ". .. 76 3.19: The Modify/New Transfer Item dialog
3.7: The Breakpoint Modify /New dialog box ............................ 103
box .............................. 77 3.20: The Make dialog box ............. 104
3.8: The Local Options dialog box ....... 79 3.21: The Linker dialog box ............ 106
3.9: The Borland C++ for Windows Local 3.22: The Libraries dialog box .......... 108
Options dialog box ................ 80 3.23: The Librarian Options dialog box .. 110
3.10: The Include Files dialog box ........ 81 3.24: The Debugger dialog box ......... 111
3.11: The Set Application Options dialog 3.25: The Highlighting dialog box ...... 118
box ............................. 85 3.26: The Startup Options dialog box ... 122
3.12: The Code Generation dialog box .... 87 3.27: The Colors dialog box ............ 123
3.13: The Advanced Code Generation dialog
box ............................. 89
vi
o u c o
N T R D T N
Borland C++ fully supports Borland C++ is a professional optimizing compiler for C++ and C
Windows 3.1. developers. With Borland C++, you get both C++ (AT&T version
3.0 compliant) and ANSI C. It is a powerful, fast, and efficient
compiler with which you can create practically any application,
including Microsoft Windows applications.
C++ is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language, and
allows you to take advantage of OOP's advanced design
methodology and labor-saving features. It's the next step in the
natural evolution of C. It is portable, so you can easily transfer
application programs written in C++ from one system to another.
You can use C++ for almost any programming task, anywhere.
What's in Borland C++
Chapter 1 tells you how to Borland C++ includes the latest features programmers have asked
install Borland C++. This for:
Introduction tells you where
you can find out more about .. C and C++: Borland C++ offers you the full power of C and
each of these features.
C++ programming, with a complete implementation of the
AT&T version 3.0 specification as well as a 100% ANSI C
compiler. Borland C++ also provides a number of useful C++
class libraries, plus the first complete commercial
implementation of templates, which allow efficient collection
classes to be built using parameterized types.
II Global optimization: A full suite of state-of-the-art optimization
options gives you complete control over code generation, so
you can program in the style you find most convenient, yet still
.p roduce small, fast, highly efficient code .
• Faster compilation speed: Borland C++ cuts compilation time
for C++ by up to half. Precompiled headers significantly
Introduction