Borish's Clinical Refraction, 2nd Edition

1693 Pages·2006·121 MB·English

by  William J. Benjamin OD MS PhD

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BORISH'SCLINICALREFRACfION, SECOND EDITION ISBN-13:978-0-7506-7524-6
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Contributors
JOHN F.AMOS, 00, MS KENNETH J. CIUFFREDA, 00, PhD
Professor, Dean, School ofOptometry Chairand DistinguishedTeachingProfessor
University ofAlabama at Birmingham DepartmentofVision Sciences
Birmingham, Alabama State College ofOptometry
State University ofNewYork
NewYork,New York
IAN L. BAILEY, 00, DSc, FCO, FAAO
Professor ofOptometryand Vision Science
CHARLES D. COE, 00, PhD
School ofOptometry
Lieutenant Colonel, U.S.Army
University ofCalifornia, Berkeley
Walter ReedArmy Medical Center
Berkeley, California
Washington, D.C.
WILLIAM J. BENJAMIN, 00, MS, PhD GEORGE W. COMER, 00, MBA
Professor ofOptometryandVision Science Associate Professor, Primary EyeCare Service
School ofOptometry Department ofClinical Sciences
University ofAlabama at Birmingham Southern California College ofOptometry
Birmingham, Alabama Fullerton, California
IRVIN M. BORISH, 00, DOS, LLD, DSc CHARLES G. CONNOR, PhD, 00
Professor Emeritus, Indiana University Professor and DirectorofResearch
Former Benedict Professor, UniversityofHouston Southern College ofOptometry
BocaRaton, Florida Memphis, Tennessee
KENT M. DAUM, 00, PhD
CHARLES E. CAMPBELL
Associate ProfessorofOptometry
Consultant
School ofOptometry
Berkeley, California
University ofAlabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama
FREDDY W. CHANG, MSc, 00, PhD
Professor, Department ofOptometry DAWN K. DeCARLO, 00, MS
Southern College ofOptometry Associate Professorand Director
Memphis, Tennessee UAB Centerfor LowVision Rehabilitation
Department ofOphthalmology
University ofAlabama at Birmingham
B. RALPH CHOU, MSc, 00, FAAO
Birmingham, Alabama
Associate Professor, School ofOptometry
University ofWaterloo
DAVID B. ELLIOn PhD, MCOptom, FAAO
Waterloo, Canada
Head ofDepartment, Professor
Department ofOptometry, UniversityofBradford
MELISSA W. CHUN, 00, FAAO Yorkshire,United Kingdom
AssociateClinical Professor
DepartmentofOphthalmology JOSEPH B. FLEMING, 00
JulesStein EyeInstitute Associate Professorand DirectorofClinical Programs
David GeffenSchool ofMedicine at UCLA School ofOptometry
UniversityofCalifornia, LosAngeles University ofAlabama at Birmingham
LosAngeles,California Birmingham, Alabama
v
vi Contributors
LISA BARNHART FOX, 00 THOMAS R. KARKKAINEN, 00, MS, FAAO
EyeCare Practitioner Manager, Applied Optical Products Clinic
Charlotte, North Carolina DepartmentofResearch and Development
Senior Research Optometrist
MARCELA G. FRAZIER, 00, FAAO Vistakon, a Division ofJohnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc.
Assistant Professor, School ofOptometry Jacksonville, Florida
University ofAlabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama MARJEAN A. TAYLOR KULp, 00, MS, FAAO
Associate Professor
ADAM GORDON, 00, MPH College ofOptometry
Clinical Associate Professor The Ohio State University
Director, Optical Services Columbus, Ohio
School of Optometry
University of Alabama at Birmingham RICHARD LONDON, MA, 00, FAAO
Birmingham, Alabama Professor, College ofOptometry
PacificUniversity
DAVID A. GOSS, 00, PhD Forest Grove, Oregon
Professor
School ofOptometry TERESA A. LOWE, 00, FAAO
Indiana University Assistant Clinical Professor
Bloomington, Indiana Department ofClinical Sciences
State College ofOptometry
CHARLES L. HAINE, 00, MS State UniversityofNew York
VicePresident for Academic Affairs New York,New York
Southern College ofOptometry
Memphis, Tennessee GERALD E. LOWTHER, 00, PhD
StaffOptometrist Dean and Professor, School ofOptometry
Kennedy VA Medical Center Indiana University
Memphis, Tennessee Bloomington, Indiana
NIKOLE L. HIMEBAUGH, 00 WENDY L. MARSH-TOOTLE, 00, MS
Indiana University Associate Professor, School ofOptometry
School ofOptometry Scientist, Vision Science Research Center
Bloomington, Indiana University ofAlabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama
DOUGLAS G. HORNER, 00, PhD, FAAO
Associate Professor GLEN L. McCORMACK, 00, PhD
School ofOptometry Professor ofPhysiological Optics
Indiana University Department ofVisual Sciences
Bloomington, Indiana New England College ofOptometry
Boston, Massachusetts
HOWARD C. HOWLAND, MS, PhD
Professor WILLIAM L. MILLER, 00, MS, PhD
Department of Neurobiologyand Behavior Assistant Professor, College ofOptometry
Cornell University University ofHouston
Ithaca, New York Houston, Texas
KARIN JOHNSON, 00, DO DONALD O. MUTTI, 00, PhD
Geriatric Physician Associate Professor
OMNI Medical Group College ofOptometry
Tulsa, Oklahoma The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
JENNIE Y. KAGEYAMA, 00, FAAO
Optometrist JAMES M. NEWMAN, MS, 00, FAAO
Vision Rehabilitation Center, Retina Division Clinical Professor, DirectorofAcademic Support Services
JulesStein EyeInstitute School ofOptometry
University ofCalifornia, LosAngeles Southern CollegeofOptometry
LosAngeles, California Memphis,Tennessee
Contributors vii
PAUL L. PEASE, 00, PhD LEO P. SEMES, 00
Professor Emeritus, College ofOptometry Associate Professor, Department ofOptometry
University ofHouston School ofOptometry
Ilouston.Texas University ofAlabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama
C. DENISE PENSYL, 00, MS, FAAO
ChiefofOptometry JOHN B. SIEGFRIED, PhD
BakersfieldVA Outpatient Clinic ProfessorofPhyisiological Optics
Greater LosAngelesVA Healthcare System Pennsylvania CollegeofOptometry
Bakersfield,California Elkins Park, Pennsylvania
DONALD G. PITTS, 00, PhD P. SARITA SONI, 00, MS
Professor Emeritus Associate VicePresident for Research
University of Houston Co-Director, Borish Centerfor Ophthalmic Research
Houston, Texas ProfessorofOptometry
School ofOptometry, Indiana University
MICHAEL POLASKY, 00 Bloomington, Indiana
Former Assistant Dean and Professor
College of Optometry GREGORY L. STEPHENS, 00, PhD
The Ohio State University Associate Professor, College ofOptometry
Columbus, Ohio UniversityofHouston
Houston, Texas
THOMAS W. RAASCH, 00, PhD
Associate Professor, College ofOptometry MARK W. SWANSON, 00, MS, FAAO
The Ohio State University Associate Professor
Columbus, Ohio School ofOptometry
University ofAlabama at Birmingham
WILLIAM H. RIDDER III, 00, PhD Birmingham, Alabama
Professor
Department ofBasicand Clinical Science LORETTA SZCZOTKA-FLYNN, 00, MS
Southern California College ofOptometry Associate Professor
Fullerton, California Department ofOphthalmology
Case Western ReserveUniversity
MARK ROSENFIELD, MCOptom, PhD Cleveland, Ohio
Associate Professor Director
Department ofVision Sciences Contact LensService
State College ofOptometry University Hospitals ofCleveland
State University of New York Cleveland, Ohio
New York, New York
LARRY N. THIBOS, 00, PhD
J. JAMES SALADIN, 00, PhD Professor, School ofOptometry
Professor, Michigan College ofOptometry Indiana University
FerrisState University Bloomington, Indiana
BigRapids,Michigan
BARRYA. WEISSMAN, 00, PhD, FAAO 'Dip CL,
THOMAS O. SALMON, 00, PhD, FAAO Professor, ChiefContact Lens Service
Associate Professor, Oklahoma College ofOptometry Department ofOphthalmology and Jules Stein EyeInstitute
Northeastern State University David Geffen School ofMedicine
College ofOptometry Universityof California, LosAngeles
Tahlequah, Oklahoma LosAngeles,California
LISA L. SCHIFANELLA, 00, MS BRUCE WICK, 00, PhD
Clinical Associate Professor Professor Emeritus, College ofOptometry
School ofOptometry University ofHouston
University ofAlabama at Birmingham Houston, Texas
Birmingham, Alabama
viii Contributors
GEORGE C. WOO, 00, PhD STANLEY WOO, 00, MS
Former Chair, Professor ofOptometry Assistant Professor, College ofOptometry
School ofOptometry University ofHouston
Hong KongPolytechnic University Houston, Texas
Hong KongSAR, China
Professor Emeritus, School or Optometry KARLA ZAONIK, 00, PhD
University ofWaterloo Glenn A.FryProfessor in Optometry and Physiological
Waterloo, Canada Optics
College ofOptometry
The Ohio State Univesity
Columbus, Ohio
To
Patricia C. and Daniel J. Benjamin
for their support and endurance ofthe countless hours, irrecoverable, which were spent on a good cause.
Through their sacrifice ofprecious time, this work was finished and not abandoned.
Preface
to the Second Edition of Borlshs Clinical Refraction
practitioner's office overshadow those generated by the
treatment of medical eye conditions. These factors and
the expectations ofwavefront refraction and wavefront
correction have rekindled a general interest in optical
performance. Thus, determination and correction of
ocularoptical deficiencies are beingre-emphasized and
refined. The First Edition of Barish's Clinical Refraction
likely played a role in this resurgence. The Second
Edition will help ensure that the eye care professions
won't lose what they once valued so highly.
Hence, it is my pleasure to introduce the Second
Edition of Barish's Clinical Refraction. Each chapter has
been thoroughly updated from those published before.
The chapters with the most alteration or addition are
Chapter 14 (PosteriorSegment Evaluation), Chapter 16
(Clinical Electrophysiology), Chapter 22 (Analysis,
Interpretation, and Prescription for the Ametropias
Therehasbeen ashift inoverall toneregardingrefrac and Heterophorias), Chapter 25 (Prescription of
tive eye care since the First Edition of Barish's Absorptive Lenses), Chapter 30 (Infants, Toddlers, and
Clinical Refraction was published. Atthat time the edu Children), Chapter 34 (Patients with Keratoconus and
cational establishment and professional associations Irregular Astigmatism), and Chapter 36 (Patients with
werebecominglessastutewith respect to clinicaloptics. Low Vision). The previous chapter on the optics of
The optical skillsofeyecarepractitionerswere receiving contact lenses wasexpanded into two chapters, Chapter
less attention than was necessary for provision of 26 (Applied Optics of Contact Lens Correction) and
optimumvision in the population. It appeared as ifthe Chapter 27 (Clinical Optics of Contact Lens Prescrip
casual or approximate refraction and reliance on the tion). Chapters entirely new to the Second Edition are
automated refraction were to become the rule rather Chapter 19 (Wavefront Refraction), Chapter29 (Optical
than the exception. The trend was promoted by correc Correction with Refractive Surgery and Prosthetic
tions of presbyopia with soft contact lenses and of Devices), and Chapter 37 (Refractive Effects of Ocular
ametropia with refractive surgery that were not capable Disease).
of exploiting an expert refraction, and by reimburse I'm told that the second edition ofa book is always
ment systems favoring medical aspects ofeye examina betterthan thefirst,and Isincerelybelieve this to be the
tions. This situation conspired against the traditional case with Barish's Clinical Refraction. The relationship
role of practitioners to provide the best optical correc between visual acuity and refractive error and the phys
tionforthe individual patient. However,most members iology behind the development of myopia are more
oftheeyecareprofessionshave bynowrealizedthe lim extensively reviewed. Recent information on the effects
itationsofpresbyopiccorrectionwithsoft contactlenses ofpupillary dilation and the fundus appearance in eyes
and of ametropiccorrection with refractivesurgery.The ofdifferent axial lengths were added. Electrophysiology
vast majority ofthose seeking eye care do so for refrac has beencovered in a more clinical manner.The poten
tive reasons and associated routine eye conditions. In tial for monitoring of the cortical response to visual
most accounts the revenues generated by the clinical stimuli during the refraction, and the possibility for
refraction and corrective devices in the general eye future reduction of the subjectivity of the subjective
xi
xii Preface to the Second Edition of Borishs Clinical Refraction
refraction, isbetterdemonstrated. The analysis ofopto GeorgeWoo. Someothershave intimatedthatthey may
metric data in the examination is more comprehensive also do so before any third edition ofthis book iscon
in terms of the zone of single clear binocular vision. templated. Two have become deans of schools of
Short-corridor and free-form progressive-addition mul optometry: Drs. John Amos and Gerald Lowther. Yet,
tifocal spectacle lenses are covered, as are the increased they all still worked diligently to place what could be
variety ofoccupational progressive lenses. The absorp their final and most comprehensive distillations into
tion characteristics of new spectacle and contact lens the Second Edition ofBarish's ClinicalRefraction. It was
materialshavebeen displayed. Aspecial sectionon solar certainlyan honorand privilege for me to have worked
viewing and solar eclipses has been added. Important with each one ofthem. Their material is, I believe, an
new informationon the opticalcorrectionofouryouth immense educational value for readers of the Second
ful patients and itseffecton development ofametropia Edition.
have been incorporated. In terms of contact lenses, The Second Edition of Barish's Clinical Refraction is
some of the added features are the Coroneo Effect, now the Seventh Iteration ofhis venerable book, as the
Rizzuti Phenomenon, the optics underlying corneal initial Outline of Optometry by Irvin M. Borish was
refractive therapy (orthokeratology) and piggyback printed over 68 years ago. Irv Borish is nearly as active
contactlenses.The busy practitionerwillappreciatehow asheeverwas,andisnowpast the 93-year mark. Among
the optical quirk known as the lacrimal lens allows several awards received after publication of the First
the ready application ofthese latter two modalities in Edition, he was recognized in 2002 for his creativity,
practice, and how the former two optical entities are perseverance, and intrepid spirit with the Herman B.
correlatedwith ocularsurfaceabnormalities. Newinfor Wells Visionary Award from the Indiana University
mation on keratoconus and the useofrigidopticzones, Foundationand BoardofTrustees. However,his lifelong
the centration ofwhich iskeyto a successful result, are companion, Bea Borish, passed away in April of 2001.
more fully explained given the proliferation ofcontact The 2005 meetingofthe American Academy ofOptom
lens designs resulting from the quest for hyper-oxygen etrywasthefirstin over 70years notto feature the pres
transmissiblity. Moreover, the advent of wavefront ence ofat least one ofthe (now) great grandparents of
refraction and wavefront correction is anticipated with optometry, whose name became synonymouswith that
the new Chapter 19.The clinician will understand the of the clinical refraction in the last half of the 20th
majorcurrentlimitationwith wavefrontanalysis, asit is century. Irv has developed quite a reputation within
only just being applied to the visible spectrum in com the American Academy of Optometry as an amateur
parisontothe monochromaticassessmentsthatarenow painter-an image ofoneofhispaintings, agiftreceived
the norm. Those interested in the refractive outcomes yearsagobythe editor, adornsthis Prefaceto the Second
and consequences of refractive surgery or prosthetic Edition. Dr. Borish continues to lead by example and
optical devices otherthan contact lenses, can now turn remainsan inspirationto usall. Hechangedthe eyecare
to the new Chapter 29 for a frank discussion ofthese professions and the world.
modesofcorrection. And,the Second Edition ofBarish's The reader isencouraged to reviewthe Prefaceto the
Clinical Refraction concludes with Chapter 37 on the First Edition, on the following pages, which concluded
refractiveeffectsofoculardisease, such that the primary with the namingofthe bookfor the purposeofkeeping
eye care practitioner may better diagnose and manage Irv Borish associated with clinical refraction well into
these eyeconditions from a refractive standpoint. the 21st century. With the printing of this Second
The First and Second Editions were both recipients Edition,theSeventh Iteration, thataforementionedgoal
of knowledge acquired over the careers of the many has been achieved.
chapterauthors. Severalofthe authors have retired over William J. Benjamin
the last 8 years:Charles Campbell and Drs. Paul Pease,
Editor
Donald Pitts, Michael Polasky, James Saladin, and
Preface
to the First Edition
Chicago, under a copyright by the Northern Illinois
College of Optometry. This book was to become the
ancestor of a series of three subsequent volumes that
oriented the basic eye examination around the clinical
refraction. Essentially an elaboration of Irv Borish's
teaching notes into chapters on different topics, this
original 266-page book was expanded to 431 pages
when published in 1949 as the first edition ofClinical
Refraction by Professional Press,Inc.,Chicago. Beingvir
tually the onlyoptometric textthatwas fully annotated
and grounded in clinical science, this book became the
standard clinical text in the field. The first edition was
introduced at a time when literallythousands ofWorld
War II soldiers were being retrained in optometry pro
grams underthe "G.I.Bill,"andso becameimmediately
a huge success.The second edition appeared in 1954. It
was, however, the third edition published as a single
13Bl-pagevolumein 1970thatbecamethestandardref
erence text in the field. Its hallmark was the thorough
nesswith which it chronicled each routineexamination
procedure and the underlying physiological principles.
The text helped substantially to educate, as well as to
train, a generation of eye care clinicians and clinical
scholars, and was probablythe firstoptometricbookto
transcend the professional boundary between ophthal
mology and optometry. Written in outline form over a
DR. IRVINM. BORISII
span of7years by Dr. Borish, 6 chapter coauthors, and
InaphotoreprintedwithpermissionoftheReviewofOptom
14 collaborating editors, the very successful third
etry, March 15, 1982.
edition underwent five printings and a redacted two
volume version was released in 1975. Even today, the
third edition serves as the resource or reference book
Theprocedurescomprisingtheclinical refraction and when one needs to look up the derivation ofa particu
much of the modern eye examination were intro larfactor article abouttheeyeexamination from the era
duced over the last 150 years or so, during the forma priorto IndexMedicos and computerized library search
tiveperiod of the eyecare professions. Aftersubstantial methodologies.
modification, revision, and collection into the exami However, time has now overtaken even the third
nation routine, incremental refinements ofthese tech edition of Clinical Refraction. New understandings of
niquesand their interpretationsbuiltup periodicallyto manyoftheexamination procedures have been accom
the pointthat, occasionally, theyrequired updatingand panied by revolutions in the electronic, computer, and
restatement taking into account the new findings over optics industries. Eye care now includes many new
time. Soitwasthat the OutlineofOptometryby Dr.Irvin pharmacological and surgical interventions, and
M.Borishwas published in 193B byV.J. LeGros & Co., increasing numbers of automated or semiautomated
xiii