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Boreal Forests and Global Change: Peer-reviewed manuscripts selected from the International Boreal Forest Research Association Conference, held in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, September 25–30, 1994 PDF

565 Pages·1995·30.854 MB·English
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BOREAL FORESTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE Boreal Forests and Global Change Peer-reviewed manuscripts selected from the International Boreal Forest Research Association Conference, held in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, September 25-30, 1994 Edited by MICHAEL J. APPS and DAVID T. PRICE Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northwest Region, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and JOE WISNIEWSKI Wisniewski & Associates, Inc., Falls Church, VA, USA Reprinted from Water, Air and Soil Pollution 82 (1-2), 1995 .... " Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-90-481-4605-5 ISBN 978-94-017-0942-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-0942-2 Printed an acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1995 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1995 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, inc1uding photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permis sion from the copyright owner. WATER, AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION I Volume 82 Nos. 112 May 1995 FOREWORD ix PREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv PART I FOREST MANAGEMENT AND THE CHANGING ENVIRONMENT West-East cooperation in Europe for sustainable boreal forests P. Angelstam, P. Majewski, and S. Bondrup-Nielsen 3 Problems of forest management in Russia G. Korovin 13 Conserving the boreal forest by shifting the emphasis of management action from vegetation to the atmosphere M.J. Fitzsimmons 25 Forest operations and environmental protection A.M. Furuberg Gjedtjernet 35 Application of a bioeconomic strategic planning model to an industrial forest in Saskatchewan R.R. Stewart and M. Martel 43 Emergence of a biodiversity concept in Swedish forest policy T. U!.mAs and C. Fries 57 Criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management in Canada L.F. Riley 67 Forestry and the boreal forest: maintaining inherent landscape patterns S. Bondrup-Nielsen 71 Forest health monitoring in Canada: how healthy is the boreal fore~t? J.P. Hall 77 Bioproductivity of spruce stands in northern European Russia G.A. Chibisov 87 Long-term experiments in selectively cut Norway spruce (Picea abies) forest K. Andreassen 97 Reforestation trials in the Khabarovsk Territory, Russia R. Lowery and E. Zabubenin 107 Artificial regeneration of spruce on cold, wet soil: 10 years along C. Hawkins, T. Letchford and M. Krasowski 115 Structure and biomass of larch stands regenerating naturally after clear-cut logging I. Danilin 125 Desiccation of white spruce seedlings planted in the southern boreal forest of British Columbia M.J. Krasowski, T. Letchford, A. Caputa, and W.A. Bergerud 133 Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) seedling emergence is affected by organic horizon removal, ashes, soil, water and shade D.G. Herr and L.C. Duchesne 147 Modelling forest regeneration processes in clear-cut and burned areas in Angara Region V. Sokolov, S. Farber and I. Danilin 155 Using fuel characteristics to estimate plant ignitability for fire hazard reduction J.C. Hogenbirk and C.L. Sarrazin-Delay 161 Simulation of mixedwood management of aspen and white spruce in northeastern British Columbia J.R. Wang, P. Comeau and J.P. Kimmins 171 Application of science to environmental imRact assessment in boreal forest management: the Saskatchewan example H~E~ 1N PART II NUTRIENT AND CARBON CYCLING Nitrogen mineralization in boreal forest stands of Isle Royale, northern Michigan R. Stottlemyer, B. Travis, and D. Toczydlowski 191 The Boreal Forest Transect Case Study: global change effects on ecosystem processes and carbon dynamics in boreal Canada D.T. Price and M.J. Apps 203 Litter quality and its potential effect on decay rates of materials from Canadian forests JA Trofymow, C.M. Preston, and C.E. Prescott 215 Dynamics of the dead wood carbon pool in northwestern Russian boreal forests O.N. Krankina and M.E. Harmon 227 Carbon pools and fluxes of 25-year old coniferous and deciduous stands in middle Siberia E.F. Vedrova 239 Carbon stock and deposition in phytomass of the Russian forests A. Isaev, G. Korovin, D. Zamolodchikov, A. Utkin, and A. Pryaznikov 247 A survey of the forest site characteristics in a transect through the central Canadian boreal forest D.H. Halliwell, M.J. Apps and D.T. Price 257 Carbon in vegetation of Russian forests: methods to estimate storage and geographical distribution V. Alexeyev, R. Birdsey, V. Stakanov, and I. Korotkov 271 Simulating carbon dynamics of the boreal forest in Pukaskwa National Park I.A. Nalder and H.G. Merriam 283 Simulating carbon storage in forests of eastern Russia P. Bradley, G. Gaston, T. Kolchugina and T.S. Vinson 299 Simulation of forest and wood product carbon budget under a changing climate in Finland T. Karjalainen and S. Kellomilki 309 An analysis of future carbon budgets of Canadian boreal forests W.A. Kurz and M.J. Apps 321 A system for evaluatien of growth and mortality in Russian forests A. Shvidenko, S. Venevsky, G. Raile and S. Nilsson 333 PART III ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES AND THE IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CHANGE Boreal forest catchments: research sites for global change at high latitudes C.W. Slaughter, V.Y.E. Glotov, L.A. Viereck, and V.M. MikhaiJov 351 The Nashwaak Exeerimental Watershed Project: analysing effects of clearcutting on soil temperature, SOil moisture, snowpack, snowmelt and stream flow F.-A. Meng, C.P.-A. Bourque, K. Jewett, D. Daugharty and PA Arp 363 Temporal and spatial variations of terrestrial biomes and carbon storage since 13 000 yr BP in Europe: reconstruction from pollen data and statistical models C.H. Peng, J. Guiot, E. Van Campo and A. Cheddadi 375 The aspen parkland in western Canada: a dry-climate analogue for the future boreal forest? E.H. Hogg and P.A. Hurdle 391 Potential effects of climatic change on some western Canadian forests, based on phenological enhancements to a patch model of forest succession P.J. Burton and S.G. Cumming 401 Boreal forest futures: modelling the controls on tree species range limits and transient responses to climate change M.T. Sykes and I.C. Prentice 415 Disturbance impacts on forest temporal dynamics C. Li and M.J. Apps 429 Predicting the effects of climate change on fire frequency in the southeastern Canadian boreal forest Y. Bergeron and M.D. Flannigan 437 Effects of climate change on insect defoliator population processes in Canadas boreal forest: some plausible scenarios R.A. Fleming and W.JA Volney 445 Global carbon dynamics of higher latitude forests during an anticipated climate change: ecophysiologlcal versus biome-migration view G.H. Kohlmaier, Ch. Hilger, A. Nadler, G. Wurth and M.K.B. Ludeke 455 Pattern and change of a boreal forest landscape in northeastern China H. Tian, H. Xu and CAS. Hall 465 Description of the Canadian Regional Climate Model D. Caya, R. Laprise, M. Giguere, G. Bergeron, J.P. Blanchet, B.J. Stocks, G.J. Boer and NA McFarlane 477 Aspen bark photosynthesis and its significance to remote sensing and carbon budget esti- mates in the boreal ecosystem V.I. Kharouk, E.M. Middleton, S.L. Spencer, B.N. Rock and D.L. Williams 483 Using aerial photography and satellite imagery to monitor forest cover in western Siberia V.N. Sedykh 499 Monitoring primary production from Earth observing satellites S.D. Prince, S.J. Goetz and S.N. Goward 509 EPILOGUE 523 First Nations perspective on the boreal forest D'Arcy Linklater 525 LIST OF CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS 529 LIST OF REVIEWERS 541 AUTHOR INDEX 543 SUBJECT INDEX 545 IBFRA: International Boreal Forest Research Association BOREAL FORESTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE The members of the IBFRA '94 Conference Committee and the Editors of this volume wish to acknowledge the support provided by these, and other, sponsoring agencies: ~ ~ La Programme Canadien des Weyerhaeuser Canada The Royal Society of Canada Changements A I'~chelle du Globe Prince Albert Model Forest La Soci~16 Royale du Canada The Canadian Global Change Program Association Inc Canada II Saskatchewan FOREWORD STEPHEN H. SCHNEIDER Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA Considerable controversy surrounds the possibility that increasing numbers of people demanding higher standards of living and using technologies to achieve those standards of living might inadvertently cause substantial changes to the world's climate. First, projections for future population range from as low as six or seven billion people in the middle of the 21st century to as high as 15 billion or more by 2100. The standards of living of this population and whether it will· use carbon-based fuels such as coal, or much less polluting energy supply sources of a renewable nature, also engender debate. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), accounting both for these uncertainties, and for those associated with the physical and biological responses to emissions of carbon dioxide and other radiatively active substances into the atmosphere, concluded that global warming ranging anywhere from as low as a degree to perhaps as high as 5 °C are plausible by the end of the 21st century. The possibility that sulphur-dioxide-produced atmospheric aerosols could both offset some of that warming on a regional basis and generate further regional climatic disruptions has been highlighted by the most recent IPCC summary. At the same time, human disruptions through nitrogen and sulphur biogeochemical cycles also affect the deposition of sulphuric and nitric acids on to the ecosystems al)d lakes of the Northern Hemisphere, with potential direct effects on a number of regions and also potential indirect effects of nitrate fertilization on the growth rate of forests. There is a wide range of plausible future scenarios, ranging from mild to potentially catastrophic alterations to the planetary environment. This has engendered an even more contentious debate over whether current information is adequate to slow down the rate at which humans modify the system or whether further scientific information should be gathered in advance of global-scale policy actions. Of course, whether any reaction to a range of probabilities and consequences is justified is never a scientific question per se but a value judgment that weighs the potential costs of abatement versus the potential costs of environmental disruption occurring unabated. Finally, most projections suggest that the largest climatic and ecological changes are likely to be in the land areas of the northern half of the Northern Hemisphere, in particular, the boreal forest zones. Despite all the controversy surrounding anthropogenic climate change and. its potential consequences, one clear connection between climate change and boreal forests is undisputed: that the roughly 5 °C global average warming that took place between about 15 000 and 5 000 years ago, when the l~t ice age gave way to the present inter-glacial, created a dramatic alteration to the landscape in the current boreal zone. Boreal species now present across Canada, Northern Europe and Siberia were found far to the south in what is now mixed hardwood areas and prime agricultural lands. As the ice receded, these species "chased the ice cap north", although recent analyses of the fossil pollen during the most rapid time of transition suggests that the structure of ecological communities was severely disrupted and that many species moved individualistically. The natural rate of climate change to which this ecological x s. H. SCHNEIDER drama unfolded was for global average sustained rates of surface temperature change on the order of 1 °C per thousand years, whereas even the low estimates from the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1995). are on the order of 1 °C change per century. Thus, foresters and ecologists have long been concerned that the potential rates of anthropogenic climate change would be a factor of ten or more faster than the rates that current ecosystems had experienced as they settled into current configurations. This has led to a serious concern that not only might species have to respond by migration to climatic changes at much faster than accustomed rates, but they need to migrate through a landscape dramatically altered by human land use. The forests of the 21st century will have to contend with factories, farms and freeways in their migration paths in addition to the potential for rapid rates of climate change. While no responsible scientist can provide a confident scenario of climatic or ecological change in the 21st century, neither can a responsible scientist deny the substantial probability of such change. Therefore, in order to estimate the potential consequences of human activities, or to suggest adaptation strategies to deal with such consequences, it is essential that the scientific community provide increasingly reliable estimates of both the magnitudes of climate change and ecological responses. Since the boreal forests are such an important component of this interaction, both being influenced dramatically by climate change and at the same time feeding back on climate change through effects on surface albedo and nutrient cycling, enhanced capacity to understand and ultimately forecast the interactions of boreal forests and climate is essential. While it is true that tropical forests have a higher degree of biological diversity and more endemic species, suggesting that these may be the venue for potential losses of bio-diversity under a variety of global change scenarios, the boreal forests seem to exhibit the potential for the largest magnitude of change and to have the greatest possible feedback on the climate. For these reasons it is important that both systems can be studied and better understood, not as competitors for research effort, but as complementary efforts aimed at understanding earth systems. The papers in this volume are attempts both to summarize the state-of-the-art of our understanding of boreal forests and their interaction with the climate, and also to provide many suggestions for enhancing our capability in the years ahead. One of the principal problems that needs to be addressed is the fact that climatic information on a regional scale is often provided for areas many thousands of square kilometres in size, whereas ecological understanding and field experimentation take place in study areas on the order of tens to hundreds of meters. Methods to bridge the scale gap across climatology and ecology are problematic (Root and Schneider, 1993), but some papers in this volume demonstrate that techniques already exist for this purpose and that additional ones can yet be developed. Validation of models also requires adequate data sets, another issue considered in this volume. Finally, in the quest for tools for "sustainable development," management strategies must recognize the potential implications of global climatic and other global changes on forests, while at the same time converting those global scale disturbances into the local context. In view of the large uncertainties, and also the potential for serious change, management strategies that emphasize flexibility and the capacity to respond to changing scientific and economic conditions should be a priority. While not all important uncertainties are likely to be resolved before the earth systems themselves "perform the experiment" of telling us precisely what will happen, enough is known FOREWORD xi already to outline a wide-range of potential consequences and their subjective probabilities. At a minimum, increased progress in the scientific study of boreal forests and their interactions with climate will help to place decision-making at all scales on a firmer scientific basis. That is the obligation the authors of this study offer to the society that supports our work. References IPCC Working Group I: 1995, Second Scientific Assessment, 1995. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. (In preparation). Root, T. L. and Schneider, S. H.: 1993, Can large scale climatic models be linked with multi-scale ecological studies? Conservation Biology, 7(2), 256-279

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