Border Citizens: The Making of Indians, Mexicans, and Anglos in Arizona

343 Pages·2007·3.27 MB·English

by  Eric V. Meeks

border citizens
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Published in cooperation with the
William P. Clements Center for Southwest Studies,
Southern Methodist University
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border citizens
The Making of Indians, Mexicans,
and Anglos in Arizona
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
eric v. meeks
university of texas press, austin
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copyright © 2007 by the university of texas press
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
First edition, 2007
Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work
should be sent to Permissions, University of Texas Press,
P.O. Box 7819, Austin, TX 78713-7819,
www.utexas.edu/utpress/about/bpermission.html
(cid:2)(cid:2) The paper used in this book meets the minimum requirements
of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (r1997) (Permanence of Paper).
library of congress cataloging-in-publication data
Meeks, Eric V.
Border citizens : the making of Indians, Mexicans, and Anglos in Arizona /
Eric V. Meeks. — 1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn: 978-0-292-71698-8 (cloth : alk. paper)
isbn: 978-0-292-71699-5 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Arizona—Ethnic relations—History—19th century. 2. Arizona—
Ethnic relations—History—20th century. 3. Ethnicity—Arizona—History.
4. Indians of North America—Arizona—Ethnic identity—History.
5. Mexican Americans—Arizona—Ethnic identity—History. 6. Whites—
Race identity—Arizona—History. 7. Ethnic barriers—Arizona—History.
8. Social structure—Arizona—History. I. Title.
f820.a1m44 2007
305.8009791’09034—dc22
2007017833
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for leilah
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contents
list of illustrations ix
acknowledgments xi
introduction 1
chapter 1. Desert Empire 15
chapter 2. From Noble Savage to Second-Class Citizen 44
chapter 3. Crossing Borders 71
chapter 4. Defi ning the White Citizen-Worker 98
chapter 5. The Indian New Deal and the Politics of the Tribe 127
chapter 6. Shadows in the Sun Belt 155
chapter 7. The Chicano Movement and Cultural Citizenship 180
chapter 8. Villages, Tribes, and Nations 211
conclusion. Borders Old and New 241
notes 249
selected bibliography 301
index 313
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list of illustrations
maps
Map 0.1. South-Central Arizona, ca. 1900 7
Map 0.2. South-Central Arizona, ca. 1940 8
Map 1.1. Indigenous Peoples, ca. 1854 19
Map 6.1. Urban Areas in South-Central Arizona, ca. 1990 158
figures
Figure 1.1. Wages at the Clifton-Morenci Mines, 1909 29
Figure 3.1. Eight Arizona Counties with Largest Mexican-Born Popula-
tions, 1910 75
Figure 3.2. Nine Arizona Counties with Largest Mexican-Born Popula-
tions, 1920 78
Figure 4.1. National Origin of White Immigrants in Arizona, 1910 108
Figure 4.2. National Origin of White Immigrants in Arizona, 1920 109
Figure 6.1. Seasonal Farm Labor Demand in Arizona, 1950–1965 167
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