Bordeaux style red wines in South Africa Debi van Flymen Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment for the diploma of Cape Wine Master 2014 Bordeaux style red blends in South Africa 1 Debi van Flymen “He who aspires to be a serious wine drinker must drink claret.” ‐ Samuel Johnson Bordeaux style red blends in South Africa 2 Debi van Flymen DECLARATION I, Debi van Flymen, declare that this research report is my own, unaided work. It is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the diploma of Cape Wine Master to the Cape Wine Academy. It has not been submitted before for qualification of examination in this or any other educational organisation. Signed: _____________________________________ Dated: ___________________ Bordeaux style red blends in South Africa 3 Debi van Flymen ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of local and international winemakers, educators, critics, industry experts and journalists gave generously of their time and knowledge. Each was keen to share their experience and opinions and several were willing to be quoted herein. Mom and Dad, thanks for your support, encouragement and understanding throughout this journey. Your unconditional love is inspirational and a source of my strength. Ari, thanks for your encouragement across the miles. This journey was not a solitary one; without the camaraderie of fellow Cape Wine Masters students Conrad Louw and Sandy Harper it might not be complete. We have seen each other through the highs and lows of the course since we met in Diploma studies, spurring one another on and providing sturdy shoulders on which to lean. Thank you both for everything and look forward to sharing our passion for wine not because we have to taste something, but because we want to! Cape Wine Masters, Margaret Fry and Derek Ramsden have been invaluable resources. Thanks for your guidance, stewardship and example. As deadlines loomed, you both buoyed my resolve and kept me on track. Thanks to Roland Peens, Cape Wine Masters Junel Vermuelen and Chris de Klerk for your friendship, inspiration and encouragement. You are the consummate role models for “edutaining” tastings and thank you for being generous with your time and knowledge. Special thanks to Busi Yende at the Cape Wine Academy and Soraya Daniels at SAWIS for your support. Encouragement, support and facilitation of blind tastings were provided by the late Richard Hansen. We motivated one another to keep learning. Thanks must go to my Wine Cellar colleagues, family and close friends, many of whom may not have understood my passion for wine or the journey in undertaking formal wine studies but who have nevertheless provided vital support and encouragement along the way. Bordeaux style red blends in South Africa 4 Debi van Flymen ABSTRACT South Africa has been producing Bordeaux style red blend wines since Welgemeend pioneered the blend locally in 1979. The number of Bordeaux style blend producers in South Africa has doubled the in the last ten years. The category has arguably become one of the most important styles of wine produced in South Africa today attracting high ratings from International critics and serving as a calling card for the country on the global stage. This research paper serves as a study of the category of Bordeaux style red blends being produced in South Africa today within the framework and history of what a Bordeaux style blend is in France. The definition of a Bordeaux style red blend wine set forth is a wine that has some or all of the five allowed red grape varieties as permitted in Bordeaux, France: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot and Malbec. Producers in South Africa, inspired by the rich tradition and history of the eponymous region in France, make Bordeaux style red blends in a variety of styles from those that are fruit dominant and designed for immediate consumption on release to more serious examples designed for maturation and bottle aging to enhance complexity. By contrast, the enormous scale of production in Bordeaux and the archaic system of getting the wines to market through an en primeur campaign and network of negociants is unique in the wine world. South Africa lacks the production volume, secondary market and sophistication of consumer with adequate facilities for maturation to create a similar futures market at present. There is no legislation governing the use of the term ‘Bordeaux style’ in South Africa. South Africa does not have the same rules and regulations governing the production of wine as does France and Bordeaux in particular. There is no standard definition of the term ‘Bordeaux style red blend’ in use in South Africa which extends into the domain of domestic competition. Bordeaux style red blends are an established feature of South Africa’s wine production today. They will continue to inspire winemakers for generations to come and the evolution of the category will see more innovation and continual quality improvement at all levels. Bordeaux style red blends in South Africa 5 Debi van Flymen TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 9 2. BRIEF OVERVIEW AND APPELATIONS OF BORDEAUX ................................................................... 12 2.1 Regulations and quality control ............................................................................................ 13 2.2 The Left Bank ........................................................................................................................ 18 2.3 The Right Bank ...................................................................................................................... 19 2.4 Additional appellations ......................................................................................................... 20 2.5 Blending in Bordeaux ............................................................................................................ 21 2.6 South Africa in comparison ................................................................................................... 23 3. TRADITIONAL BORDEAUX RED WINE GRAPE VARIETIES ............................................................... 26 3.1 Cabernet Sauvignon .............................................................................................................. 26 3.1.1 The origin of Cabernet Sauvignon ................................................................................. 27 3.1.2 The relevance of Cabernet Sauvignon in Bordeaux style blends .................................. 28 3.1.3 Cabernet Sauvignon in South Africa ............................................................................. 28 3.2 Cabernet Franc ...................................................................................................................... 29 3.2.1 The origin of Cabernet Franc ........................................................................................ 29 3.2.2 The relevance of Cabernet Franc in Bordeaux style blends .......................................... 30 3.2.3 Cabernet Franc in South Africa ..................................................................................... 31 3.3 Malbec .................................................................................................................................. 31 3.3.1 The origin of Malbec ..................................................................................................... 31 3.3.2 The relevance of Malbec in Bordeaux style blends ...................................................... 32 3.3.3 Malbec in South Africa .................................................................................................. 33 3.4 Merlot ................................................................................................................................... 34 3.4.1 The origin of Merlot ...................................................................................................... 36 3.4.2 The relevance of Merlot in Bordeaux style blends ....................................................... 37 3.4.3 Merlot in South Africa ................................................................................................... 37 3.5 Petit Verdot ........................................................................................................................... 38 3.5.1 The origin of Petit Verdot ............................................................................................. 39 3.5.2 The relevance of Petit Verdot in Bordeaux style blends ............................................... 39 3.5.3 Petit Verdot in South Africa .......................................................................................... 40 3.6 Other Bordeaux red wine grape varieties ............................................................................. 41 3.7 The relationship between the Bordeaux Grapes .................................................................. 42 4. BORDEAUX STYLE BLEND RED WINES IN SOUTH AFRICA ............................................................. 43 Bordeaux style red blends in South Africa 6 Debi van Flymen 4.1 Bordeaux style blends in South Africa as a category ............................................................ 43 4.1.1 Variety of wine drinking styles, price points and production volume .......................... 46 4.2 Viticulture .............................................................................................................................. 48 4.3 Viniculture ............................................................................................................................. 51 4.4 Maturation ............................................................................................................................ 53 4.5 Marketing .............................................................................................................................. 53 5. CHALLENGES FACING BORDEAUX STYLE RED WINES IN SOUTH AFRICA ...................................... 55 5.1 Global warming and climate change ..................................................................................... 55 5.2 Vine health issues ................................................................................................................. 56 5.3 Wood treatment ................................................................................................................... 57 5.4 Alcohol by volume ................................................................................................................. 58 5.5 Growth of other red wine blend categories ......................................................................... 59 6. BORDEAUX STYLE RED WINE PRODUCERS IN SOUTH AFRICA ...................................................... 60 6.1 Welgemeend ......................................................................................................................... 60 6.2 The Cape Winemakers Guild ................................................................................................. 61 6.3 Meerlust ................................................................................................................................ 62 6.4 Kanonkop .............................................................................................................................. 63 6.5 Vergelegen ............................................................................................................................ 65 6.6 De Toren ................................................................................................................................ 68 6.7 Vilafonte ................................................................................................................................ 69 6.8 Mvemve Raats ....................................................................................................................... 70 7. BORDEAUX STYLE BLENDS IN OTHER REGIONS ............................................................................ 72 7.1 Italy and the “Super Tuscan” phenomenon .......................................................................... 72 7.2 Australia ................................................................................................................................ 72 7.3 South America ....................................................................................................................... 73 7.4 North America ....................................................................................................................... 74 7.4.1 The Meritage Alliance ................................................................................................... 75 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................... 76 8.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 76 8.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 78 8.2.1 Future research ............................................................................................................. 78 8.2.2 Marketing ...................................................................................................................... 79 8.2.3 Establishment of a voluntary Bordeaux blend producers association ......................... 79 Bordeaux style red blends in South Africa 7 Debi van Flymen LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... 80 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... 81 APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................................... 82 Appendix A: 1855 Bordeaux Classification of Medoc ................................................................... 82 Appendix B: Saint Emilion Classification (amended September 2012) ......................................... 84 Appendix C: Red Wine Producing Appellations of Bordeaux ........................................................ 86 Appendix D: Regional Bordeaux AOC Regulations ........................................................................ 87 Appendix E: Scion Clones of Bordeaux Varieties in use in South Africa ....................................... 88 Appendix F: Production Areas as defined by South Africa’s Wine of Origin Scheme ................... 91 Appendix G: Platter Guide variances 2013 vs 2002 ...................................................................... 93 Appendix H: Discussion points for Qualitative Research .............................................................. 96 MAPS ..................................................................................................................................................... 97 Map 1: Bordeaux Vineyards .......................................................................................................... 97 Map 2: South African Wine of Origin Scheme ‐ Geographical Units ............................................ 98 Map 3: South African Wine of Origin Scheme ‐ Regions............................................................... 99 Map 4: South African Wine of Origin Scheme ‐ Districts ............................................................ 100 Map 5: South African Wine of Origin Scheme ‐ Wards ............................................................... 101 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 102 Bordeaux style red blends in South Africa 8 Debi van Flymen 1. INTRODUCTION South African Bordeaux style blends draw their inspiration from Bordeaux, located in the south‐west of France. Bordeaux as a region has been known to produce some of the world’s most sought after, long‐lasting and expensive red wine blends. This history of wine production in the region spans more than 2000 years. Bordeaux wines have been traded with the UK for more than 900 years where these wines are frequently referred to generically as claret. (Spectator, 2012). Subject to numerous classifications, and stringent laws as to what can be planted, the winemakers of the region make the most of what each vintage offers. The majority of the wines are sold as futures in the spring following the harvest while still in barrel. The initial prices are set based on vineyard classification and scores following tasting by industry critics and analysts at this embryonic stage of development. The privileged five châteaux classed as First Growths are accorded immense respect and celebrity status commanding stratospheric prices compared to other wines of the region. In Bordeaux itself, Cabernet Sauvignon is rarely bottled as a single cultivar wine. Typically, it produces a lean profile wine that benefits from being blended with softer Merlot and spicy, fruity, almost perfumed Cabernet Franc (Clark, 2012). These three grape varieties produce the classic Bordeaux red wine in France while regulations allow for the addition of Petit Verdot and Malbec. A Bordeaux style red wine blend is generally defined as a wine that has some or all of the five allowed red grape varieties: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot and Malbec. The definition is contentious though, as in Bordeaux, wines are made from time to time as a 100% variety, albeit very rarely and as a direct result of vintage conditions. In South Africa and many other countries, the debate rages as to what is considered a Bordeaux style blend as legislation in some regions will allow for a single cultivar to appear on the label even if the wine is blended as long as the named cultivar is 85% or more of the blend. Producers can choose how to position their wines when multiple categories are straddled. This can be misleading for consumers. The French concept of terroir encompasses the complexity of the geography, topography, soil composition, overall climate, local mesoclimate, and vine microclimate and how each of these factors interacts with one another. Bordeaux style red blends in South Africa 9 Debi van Flymen The idea of terroir is that each wine has a unique sense of place. With no direct English translation for the term, it can be difficult to understand this concept underpinning much of the French Appellation Controlee system. Terroir encompasses more than the physical aspects of the vineyard such as rootstock, vine material, soil, slope, aspect, drainage and microclimate. An emotional, spiritual or mental dimension completes the concept. (Wilson, 1998) The New World is however taking notice and it is becoming increasingly common to undertake soil surveys and mapping exercises to determine the best variety, rootstock and even trellising systems suggesting there is wisdom within the Old World approach (Robinson, 2006). Comparatively, South African winemakers are not bound by long standing classifications or stringent regulations governing the planting of grape varieties in particular areas. The planting of the aforementioned grapes is widespread in the Cape geographically and thus crosses many types of soil and microclimates. South African production of wine may go back in excess of 350 years but Bordeaux style blends are a more recent phenomenon with the first commercial blend being made by the late Billy Hofmeyr at Welgemeend in 1979. Meerlust followed suite in 1980; then came Kanonkop Paul Sauer and Overgaauw Tria Corda; the category began to expand exponentially in numerous styles and at varying price points. In 1989, Cape Wine Master, Penny Gold posed the question “Bordeaux Blends – Fad or fact? Do South African Cabernet Sauvignon wines need to be blended?” As these blends were new to the South African market at the time, her very first line of the dissertation reads “Although the wines of Bordeaux have been blended for more than 100 years, this practice has only recently gained ‘respectability’ in South Africa. The emphasis has always been on 100% cultivar wines.” Gold surveyed viticulturalists and winemakers and undertook a series of tastings that showed a preference for the blended wines. It should be noted that the term ‘Bordeaux‐style blend’ is a catch‐all for many different drinking styles within the category from pocket‐friendly super quaffers designed to be enjoyed on release, made with little or no tannins, and made in bulk to very serious, brooding, artisanal single barrel wines designed to reveal complexity as they age. This applies to every region in the world producing wines in this style. Bordeaux style red blends in South Africa 10 Debi van Flymen
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