Bootlegged Aliens: Immigration Politics on America's Northern Border PDF
Preview Bootlegged Aliens: Immigration Politics on America's Northern Border
Bootlegged Aliens POLITICSANDCULTUREINMODERNAMERICA SeriesEditors: KeishaN.Blain,MargotCanaday,MatthewLassiter, StephenPitti,ThomasJ.Sugrue Volumesintheseriesnarrateandanalyzepoliticalandsocialchangeinthe broadestdimensionsfrom1865tothepresent,includingideasabouttheways peoplehavesoughtandwieldedpowerinthepublicsphereandthelanguageand institutionsofpoliticsatalllevels—local,national,andtransnational.Theseries ismotivatedbyadesiretoreversethefragmentationofmodernU.S.history andtoencouragesyntheticperspectivesonsocialmovementsandthestate,on gender,race,andlabor,andonintellectualhistoryandpopularculture. Bootlegged Aliens Immigration Politics on America’s Northern Border Ashley Johnson Bavery UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS PHILADELPHIA Copyright(cid:2)2020UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Allrightsreserved.Exceptforbriefquotationsusedforpurposesofreviewor scholarlycitation,noneofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanymeans withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher. Publishedby UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Philadelphia,Pennsylvania19104-4112 www.upenn.edu/pennpress PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica onacid-freepaper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Bavery,AshleyJohnson,author. Title:Bootleggedaliens:immigrationpoliticsonAmerica’snorthernborder/Ashley JohnsonBavery. Othertitles:PoliticsandcultureinmodernAmerica. Description:1stedition.(cid:2)Philadelphia:UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress,[2020](cid:2) Series:PoliticsandcultureinmodernAmerica(cid:2)Includesbibliographical referencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2019054907(cid:2)ISBN9780812252439(hardcover) Subjects:LCSH:Immigrants—Governmentpolicy—UnitedStates—History—20th century.(cid:2)Immigrants—Michigan—Detroit—History—20thcentury.(cid:2) Illegalaliens—Michigan—Detroit—History—20thcentury.(cid:2)Automobile industryworkers—Legalstatus,laws,etc.—Michigan—Detroit—History—20th century.(cid:2)UnitedStates—Emigrationandimmigration—Government policy—History—20thcentury.(cid:2)Detroit(Mich.)—Emigrationand immigration—Governmentpolicy—History—20thcentury.(cid:2)United States—Ethnicrelations—History—20thcentury.(cid:2)Canada—Emigrationand immigration—Governmentpolicy—History—20thcentury. Classification:LCCJV6483.B392020(cid:2)DDC325.7309/042—dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019054907 Contents ListofAbbreviations vii Introduction 1 Chapter1.“IllegalImmigrants”inanIndustrialBorderland 12 Chapter2.DefiningUndesirablesandProtestingQuotas 55 Chapter3.TheProblemofCanadianDayLaborers 82 Chapter4.Reform,Repatriation, andDeportationDuringtheDepression 103 Chapter5.RegisteringImmigrantsintheDepressionEra 124 Chapter6.TheImmigrantPoliticsofAnticommunism 150 Chapter7.AliensandWelfareinNorthAmerica 179 Conclusion.TheLegacyofRestrictiveImmigration 213 Notes 221 Index 269 Acknowledgments 275 Abbreviations Archival Collections ACHR AmericanCatholicHistoryResearchCenterandUniversity Archives,Washington,D.C. ADA ArchdioceseofDetroitArchives,Detroit,Michigan BDPL BurtonHistoricalLibrary,DetroitPublicLibrary,Detroit, Michigan BFRC BensonFordResearchCenter,TheHenryFordMuseum, Dearborn,Michigan BHL BentleyHistoricalLibrary,UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor, Michigan DLA DioceseofLondonArchives,London,Ontario LAC LibraryandArchivesofCanada,Ottawa,Ontario NARAI UnitedStatesNationalArchivesI,Washington,D.C.,Subject Correspondence,RecordsoftheImmigrationand NaturalizationService,RecordGroup85,Recordsofthe ImmigrationandNaturalizationService(INS) NARAII UnitedStatesNationalArchivesII,CollegePark,Maryland,U.S. StateDepartmentRecords NAUK NationalArchivesoftheUnitedKingdom,Kew,London RL WalterP.ReutherLibrary,ArchivesofLaborandUrbanAffairs, WayneStateUniversity,Detroit,Michigan UMSC LabadieCollection,UniversityofMichiganSpecialCollections, AnnArbor,Michigan WPLA WindsorPublicLibraryandArchives,Windsor,Ontario Organizations AFL AmericanFederationofLabor ANOCL Anti-NationalOriginsClauseLeague viii Abbreviations AWU AutomobileWorkersUnion CIO CongressofIndustrialOrganizations CP CommunistParty DAR DaughtersoftheAmericanRevolution DFL DetroitFederationofLabor DOJ DepartmentofJustice DOL DepartmentofLabor INS ImmigrationandNaturalizationService(1933–present) IS ImmigrationService(1891–1933) RCMP RoyalCanadianMountedPolice SAR SonsoftheAmericanRevolution UAW UnitedAutomobileWorkers Introduction In May 2018, Attorney General Jeff Sessions told hundreds of Hondurans, Guatemalans, and Salvadorans seeking asylum in the United States to “enterAmericainthelawfulwayandwaityourturn.”1Sessions’sassertion thatmigrantsshould applyforlegalimmigrationstatus,acommonrefrain amongnativistpolicymakersofthe2000s, reliesontheideathattheirown ancestorspassedthroughinspectionlinesatEllisIslandbeforeassimilating intothefactoriesandfarmsofearlytwentieth-centuryAmerica.Bootlegged Aliens challenges this narrative by demonstrating that instead of “waiting their turn,” thousands ofEuropeans once crossedthe borderwithout legal papers,seekingrefugefromanti-Semitism,violence,andpoverty. Bootlegged Aliens explores how immigration quotas of the 1920s launched an era of policing and profiling that categorized certain Europe- ans as “foreigners” and excluded them from the benefits of citizenship in the decade that followed. On the borderland between Detroit, Michigan, andWindsor,Canada,defining,policing,andmarginalizingthese“foreign- ers”becameaprofoundlylocalaffairthatdeniedthosewithoutcitizenship accesstojobs,laborunions,and,ultimately,thefederalwelfarestate.Before World War II, grassroots nativist groups, unions, and politicians created policies that curtailed the rights of aliens, a process that occurred both locallyand,becauseofDetroit’slocationontheinternationalborder,trans- nationally. The employment practices and precedents established in this northern industrial borderland shaped national immigration policies that cast suspicion on European foreigners across America’s industrial core. By theoutbreakofWorldWarII,concernsaboutillegalEuropeanshadwaned, but the policing and employment tactics that developed on America’s northern border would influence wider policy toward immigrant employ- ment and welfare for decades.2 Bootlegged Aliens disrupts the narrative set forth by President Donald Trump and his contemporaries that positions
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