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Booms and Busts: An Encyclopedia of Economic History from the First Stock Market Crash of 1792 to the Current Global Economic Crisis PDF

1007 Pages·2010·12.35 MB·English
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Preview Booms and Busts: An Encyclopedia of Economic History from the First Stock Market Crash of 1792 to the Current Global Economic Crisis

Booms Bus Ts d n a an Encyclopedia of Economic History from Tulipmania of the 1630s to the Global Financial Crisis of the 21st Century James Ciment, Editor SHARPE REFERENCE Sharpe Reference is an imprint of M.E. Sharpe, Inc. M.E. Sharpe, Inc. 80 Business Park Drive Armonk, NY 10504 © 2013 by M.E. Sharpe, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holders. Cover photos (background; left to right) provided by Getty Images and the following: Mario Tama; Popperfoto; Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP; Kean Collection/Hulton Archive; Melanie Einzig. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Booms and busts : an encyclopedia of economic history from Tulipmania of the 1630s to the global financial crisis of the 21st century / James Ciment, editor. v. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7656-8224-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Financial crises—Encyclopedias. 2. Finance—Encyclopedias. I. Ciment, James. HB3722.B67 2010 330.03—dc22 2010021272 Printed and bound in the United States The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z 39.48.1984. CW (c) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Publisher: Myron E. Sharpe Vice President and Director of New Product Development: Donna Sanzone Vice President and Production Director: Carmen Chetti Executive Development Editor: Jeff Hacker Project Manager: Angela Piliouras Program Coordinator: Cathleen Prisco Assistant Editor: Alison Morretta Text Design and Cover Design: Jesse Sanchez Typesetter: Nancy Connick BOOMS AND BUSTS Table of Contents Introduction A-Z Entries Africa, Sub-Saharan Agriculture AIG Airline Industry Akerman, Johan Henryk (1896–1982) Argentina Asian Financial Crisis (1997) Asset-Price Bubble Australia Austrian School Automated Trading Systems Babson, Roger (1875–1967) Balance of Payments Baltic Tigers Bank Cycles Bank of America Banking School/Currency School Debate Banks, Central Banks, Commercial Banks, Investment Bauer, Otto (1881–1938) Bear Stearns Behavioral Economics Belgium Bernanke, Ben (1953–) Bethlehem Steel Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen Ritter von (1851–1914) Boom, Economic (1920s) Boom, Economic (1960s) Booms and Busts: Cause and Consequences Booms and Busts: Pre–Twentieth Century Booms and Busts: Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries Brazil BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) Brunner, Karl (1916–1989) Bullock, Charles (1869–1941) Burchardt, Fritz (1902–1958) Burns, Arthur (1904–1987) Business Cycles, International Canada Capital Account Capital Market Capital One Catastrophe Theory Central America Chile China Chrysler Circuit City Stores Citigroup Classical Theories and Models Collateral Collateralized Debt Obligations Collateralized Mortgage Obligations Colombia Commodity Markets Community Reinvestment Act (1977) Confidence, Consumer and Business Congressional Budget Office Construction, Housing and Commercial Consumer and Investor Protection Consumption Corporate Corruption Corporate Finance Council of Economic Advisers, U.S. Countrywide Financial Creative Destruction Credit Cycle Credit Default Swaps Credit Rating Agencies Current Account Debt Debt Instruments Deflation Demographic Cycle Denmark Depository Institutions Dot.com Bubble (1990s–2000) Dow Jones Industrial Average Duesenberry, James (1918–2009) Eastern Europe Echo Bubble Eckstein, Otto (1927–1984) Effective Demand Efficient Market Theory Emerging Markets Employment and Unemployment Endogenous Growth Models Enron European Central Bank Exchange Rates Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Housing Administration Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, Office of Federal Reserve System Fellner, William John (1905–1983) Financial Development/Deepening Financial Markets Financial Modeling of the Business Cycle Finland Fiscal Balance Fiscal Policy Fisher, Irving (1867–1947) Fisher’s Debt-Deflation Theory Fixed Business Investment Fleetwood Enterprises Florida Real-Estate Boom (1920s) Foreclosure Fragility, Financial France Friction, Financial Friedman, Milton (1912–2006) Frisch, Ragnar (1895–1973) Galbraith, John Kenneth (1908–2006) Geithner, Timothy (1961–) General Motors German Historical School Germany Glass-Steagall Act (1933) Goldman Sachs Goodwin, Richard Murphy (1913–1996) Government Accountability Office Great Depression (1929–1933) Greece Greenspan, Alan (1926–) Gross Domestic Product Growth Cycles Growth, Economic Haberler, Gottfried von (1900–1995) Hansen, Alvin Harvey (1887–1975) Harrod, Roy Forbes (1900–1978) Hawtrey, Ralph George (1879–1975) Hayek, Friedrich August von (1899–1992) Hedge Funds Hicks, John Richard (1904–1989) Hoarding House Financial Services Committee Housing Housing and Urban Development, Department of Housing Booms and Busts Iceland Immigration and Migration Income Distribution India Indicators of Financial Vulnerability Indonesia Industrial Policy IndyMac Bancorp Inflation Information Technology Innovation, Financial Institutional Economics Insull, Samuel (1859–1938) Integration, Financial Interest Rates Intermediation, Financial International Development Banks International Economic Agreements International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund Mortgage Market Index International Policy Coordination Inventory Investment Investment, Financial Ireland “Irrational Exuberance” Israel Italy Japan Jevons, William Stanley (1835–1882) JPMorgan Chase Juglar, Clément (1819–1905) Kaldor, Nicholas (1908–1986) Kalecki, Michal (1899–1970) Kautsky, Karl (1854–1938) Keynes, John Maynard (1883–1946) Keynesian Business Model Kindleberger, Charles P. (1910–2003) Kondratieff Cycles Kondratieff, Nikolai Dmitriyevich (1892–1938) Koopmans, Tjalling Charles (1910–1985) Korea, South Kuznets, Simon Smith (1901–1985) Labor Market Lachmann, Ludwig Maurits (1906–1990) Lange, Oskar R. (1904–1965) Latin America Law, John (1671–1729) Leads and Lags Lehman Brothers Lerner, Abba P. (1903–1982) Leveraging and Deleveraging, Financial Liberalization, Financial Life Insurance Linens’n Things Liquidity Crunch Liquidity Trap Loan-to-Value Ratio Long-Term Capital Management Lowe, Adolph (1893–1995) Loyd, Samuel Jones (1796–1883) Luminent Mortgage Capital Lundberg, Erik Filip (1907–1987) Luxemburg, Rosa (1871–1919) Madoff, Bernard (1938–) Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766–1834) Manufacturing Market Trends Marshall, Alfred (1842–1924) Marx, Karl (1818–1883) Marxist Cycle Model Merrill Lynch Metzler, Lloyd Appleton (1913–1980) Mexico Middle East and North Africa Mill, John Stuart (1806–1873) Mills, Frederick Cecil (1892–1964) Minsky, Hyman (1919–1996) Minsky’s Financial Instability Hypothesis Mises, Ludwig von (1881–1973) Mississippi Bubble (1717–1720) Mitchell, Wesley Clair (1874–1948) Monetary Policy Monetary Stability Monetary Theories and Models Money Markets Money, Neutrality of Money Store, The Moral Hazard Morgan Stanley Morgenstern, Oskar (1902–1977) Mortgage-Backed Securities Mortgage, Commercial/Industrial Mortgage Equity Mortgage Lending Standards Mortgage Markets and Mortgage Rates Mortgage, Reverse Mortgage, Subprime Myrdal, Gunnar (1898–1987) Nasdaq National Bureau of Economic Research National Economic Council Neoclassical Theories and Models Neo-Keynesian Theories and Models Netherlands, The New Deal New York Stock Exchange New Zealand Northern Rock Norway Oil Industry Oil Shocks (1973–1974, 1979–1980) Over-Savings and Over-Investment Theories of the Business Cycle Overvaluation Pacific Rim Panic of 1901 Panic of 1907 Panics and Runs, Bank Paulson, Henry (1946–) Penn Central Philippines PNC Financial Services Political Theories and Models Ponzi Scheme (1919–1920) Portugal Poseidon Bubble (1969–1970) Post Keynesian Theories and Models Poverty Price Stability Production Cycles Productivity Profit Public Works Policy Real Business Cycle Models Real-Estate Speculation Recession and Financial Crisis (2007–2009) Recession, Reagan (1981–1982) Recession, Roosevelt (1937–1939) Recession, Stagflation (1970s) Refinancing Regulation, Financial Resource Allocation Retail and Wholesale Trade Retirement Instruments Risk and Uncertainty Robbins, Lionel Charles (1898–1984) Robertson, Dennis Holme (1890–1963) Robinson, Joan (1903–1983) Romer, Christina (1958–) Röpke, Wilhelm (1899–1966) Rostow, Walt Whitman (1916–2003) Rubin, Robert (1938–) Russia and the Soviet Union S&P 500 Samuelson, Paul (1915–2009) Savings and Investment Savings and Loan Crises (1980s–1990s) Schumpeter, Joseph (1883–1950) Schwartz, Anna (1915–) Seasonal Cycles Securities and Exchange Commission Securitization Shackle, George (1903–1992) Shadow Banking System Shock-Based Theories Slow-Growth Recovery Smith, Adam (1723–1790) Souk al-Manakh (Kuwait) Stock Market Crash (1982) South Africa South Sea Bubble (1720) Southeast Asia Spain Spiethoff, Arthur (1873–1957) Spillover Effect Sprague, Oliver (1873–1953) Sraffa, Piero (1898–1983) Stability and Stabilization, Economic Steindl, Josef (1912–1993) Stimulus Package, U.S. (2008) Stimulus Package, U.S. (2009) Stochastic Models Stock and Bond Capitalization Stock Market Crash (1929) Stock Market Crash (1987) Stock Markets, Global Stockholm School Subsidies

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