Book of Abstracts - International Mycological Association

388 Pages·2002·6.95 MB·English

IMC7
B o o k o f A b s t r a c t s
The 7th International Mycological Congress
Oslo 11–17 August 2002
IMC7 Oslo, Norway
Contents
Contacts for Information …………… Page 2 Posters Main Theme 2 ………………… Page 188
Organizing Committee………………… Page 3 Posters Main Theme 3 ………………… Page 241
Main Sponsors ……………………………… Page 3 Posters Main Theme 4 ………………… Page 279
Lectures Monday 12th………………… Page 4 Posters Main Theme 5 ………………… Page 323
Lectures Tuesday 13th ………………… Page 33 Genera Index………………………………… Page 366
Lectures Wednesday 14th …………… Page 66 Family Index ………………………………… Page 374
Lectures Thursday 15th ……………… Page 77 Order Index…………………………………… Page 375
Lectures Friday 16th …………………… Page 109 Author Index ………………………………… Page 376
Posters Main Theme 1 ………………… Page 139
Contacts for information
Technical organizer
PLUS Convention Norway AS
P.O.Box 1646 Vika
N-0119 Oslo, Norway
Tel: + 47-22 92 55 40
Fax: + 47-22 92 55 44
E-mail: [email protected]
IMC7 Congress Secretariat
IMC7 Congress Secretariat
P.O. Box 24 Blindern,
N-0314 Oslo, Norway
Tel: + 47-22 85 46 28
Fax: + 47-22 85 46 64
E-mail: [email protected]
2 Book of Abstracts
11–17 August 2002 IMC7
The imc7 Organizing Committee:
Organizing Committee Special thank you to committee members:
Leif Ryvarden (chair) Jan Stenlid
Trond Schumacher (vice chair) Søren Rosendal
Gro Gulden Øyvind Stensrud
Geir Hestmark Karin-Brit Schonhowd
Arne Holst-Jensen Tor Erik Brandrud
Klaus Høiland Egil Bendiksen
Einar Timdal Katriina Bendiksen
Anna-Elise Torkelsen Håvard Kauserud
Trude Vrålstad Isabella Børja
Nils Hallenberg
IMC7 Project Leader and Congress Secretariat
Jonathan E. Colman
Main sponsors
The IMC7 would like to thank:
– The International Mycological Association – The Canadian Journal of Botany
– The University of Oslo – TINE
– The Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs – MYCOTEAM
– The Norwegian Ministry of Education
Research and Church Affairs
– Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS)
Exciting links to these sponsors’ home pages can be found on the IMC7 website:
www.uio.no/conferences/imc7
www.uio.no/conferences/imc7
3
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures
1 - Character evolution in the Lasiosphaeriaceae sensu species cannot be closely linked with sexual states or even
lato families and thus appear to represent divergent lineages.
The character evolution within the Hypocreales and
A.N. Miller1* & S.M. Huhndorf2 Diaporthales appear similar with fruiting bodies ranging
from solitary perithecia to compound stromata, often
characteristic of specific families. Ascospore morphology
1University of Illinois at Chicago, Dept. of Biological
is also characteristic of specific families although
Sciences, Chicago, IL 60607-7060, U.S.A. - 2The Field
exceptions exist in each family. Biologically the
Museum of Natural History, Dept. of Botany, Chicago, IL
Diaporthales appear to be confined to plant substrata often
60605-2496, U.S.A. - E-mail: [email protected]
as virulent plant pathogens in temperate regions while the
Hypocreales fill much broader niches attacking insects and
There are a limited number of phylogenetically informative other fungi as well as plant substrata with their greatest
morphological characters for delimiting taxa above the diversity in tropical regions.
species level in many pyrenomycetes, mostly due to their
small stature and simplistic form. Ascospore morphology
has been used extensively throughout the filamentous
ascomycetes for distinguishing families and genera and
many genera in the Lasiosphaeriaceae have been 3 - Remembering and dismembering Stilbella: A
segregated using ascospore morphology. However, other classical hyphomycete genus
morphological characters, such as ascomatal wall
characters, have been suggested, but not tested, for K.A. Seifert
delimiting genera in this family. For example, several
genera possess unique bombardioid walls in which the
Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture
middle wall layer is gelatinized and several species of
& Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario
Lasiosphaeria and Cercophora possess identical three-
K1A 0C6, Canada. - E-mail: [email protected]
layered walls in which the outer layer is composed of
hyphal strands. To test the utility of these morphological
characters for predicting evolutionary relationships, The 275 described taxa of Stilbum and Stilbella were
sequences of the 28S nuclear ribosomal large-subunit reduced to 45 species in seven genera in my 1985
(LSU) gene were generated for taxa within the monograph. Cladistic analysis of LSU rDNA sequences
Lasiosphaeriaceae and selected outgroups. Sequences from provides new insight into the phylogeny and taxonomy of
two nuclear protein-coding genes, B-tubulin and RPB2, these fungi. Stilbella-like anamorphs occur in four families
were also generated to corroborate the LSU data. of Hypocreales (Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae,
Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of separate Nectriaceae, Clavicipitaceae), in the Phyllachorales,
and combined data sets suggest that ascospore characters Microascales and Leotiales. The type, S. fimetaria, is
are extremely homoplastic and not useful for delimiting related to the cleistothecial Emericellopsis
genera in the Lasiosphaeriaceae. Ascomatal wall characters (Bionectriaceae). Previous delimitations of Tubercularia
are, however, sometimes phylogenetically informative and (teleomorphs: Nectria ss, Nectriaceae), Gliocladium
could be used for segregating taxa. (teleomorphs: Sphaerostilbella, Hypocreaceae),
Rhizostilbella (teleomorph: Corallomycetella, Nectriaceae)
and Polycephalomyces (teleomorphs: Byssostilbe,

Clavicipitaceae) are supported by LSU data. The recently
described Gracilistilbella (teleomorphs: Stilbocrea), is a
2 - Developing phylogenies for integrating mitotic fungi monophyletic group within the Bionectriaceae. Volutella
in the Hypocreales and Diaporthales (teleomorphs Cosmospora, Nectriaceae), previously
restricted to setose sporodochial species, is emended to
A.Y. Rossman*, L.A. Castlebury & D.F. Farr include synnematous species. Stilbella annulata is related
to the Phyllachorales. The phylogenetic distribution of
these anamorphs suggests that synnemata are either
Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory, USDA-ARS,
plesiomorphic in the Hypocreales and sporadically
Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A. - E-mail: [email protected]
expressed, or that they have arisen repeatedly. A strictly
grin.gov
redefined Stilbella includes only two species, but implies
recognition of many monotypic genera. This once large
Recent comprehensive studies of the Hypocreales and form taxon is a useful metaphor for patterns in anamorph
Diaporthales using both morphological and molecular taxonomy revealed by molecular data.
characters present the opportunity to integrate the mitotic
fungi and to evaluate character evolution of both
teleomorphic and anamorphic states. The majority of plant-
associated fungi are mitotic species without any known
sexual state and limited morphology. Using molecular 4 - Ecology and evolution in the Onygenales: an
sequence data it is possible to integrate the mitotic fungi overview based on molecular and morphological
into the Hypocreales and Diaporthales and to demonstrate characters
that a vast number of mitotic fungi are derived from within
these sexual state lineages. In the Hypocreales, the mitotic W.A. Untereiner
fungi tend to be hyphomycetous with the exception of the
Clavicipitaceae while in the Diaporthales they are primarily
Brandon University, 270-18th Street, Brandon Manitoba
coelomycetous. Despite considerable effort, some mitotic
R7A 6A9, Canada. - E-mail: [email protected]
4 Book of Abstracts
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures
Among the filamentous ascomycetes, few groups have
received as much attention in molecular phylogenetic
studies as the members of the Onygenales, an order that
6 - Well supported, major groups among the
includes the most important fungal pathogens of mammals
Euascomycetes
and the only fungi capable of degrading keratin. Parasitic
Onygenales are thought to be derived from saprobic
ancestors, but the origins of parasitism within the A. Tehler
Arthrodermataceae and Onygenaceae, two families of
keratinolytic Onygenales, remains obscure. Phylogenies Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Sektionen för
based on analyses of conserved gene regions have kryptogambotanik, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.
demonstrated that parasitic species do not form a separate - E-mail: [email protected]
lineage within the Onygenales, but these sequences lack
sufficient numbers of phylogenetically informative
A data set with 1555 sequences of SSU rDNA has been
characters to resolve the branching order among recently
phylogenetically analyzed. Cladistic methods using
diverged taxa or evaluate the evolution of ecological and
parsimony jackknifing for establishing group frequencies
morphological characters hypothesized to be correlated
and the parsimony ratchet algorithm for finding most
with the origins of parasitism. This study, which addresses
parsimonious trees was utilised. Until recently attempting
the question of how the evolution of specific characters
to find all most parsimonious trees in large data sets, has
may be correlated to the evolution of parasitism in the
been impractical, given current computational limitations.
Onygenales, is based on the analyses of molecular
The parsimony ratchet method for rapid parsimony analysis
(mitSSU, partial nucLSU gene sequences) and
of large data sets was found very efficient in searching and
morphological characters for nearly 50 members of this
finding most parsimonious trees in the current large data
order. Emphasis has been placed on the inclusion of
set. The results show that the Glomales are sister group to
saprobic representatives of the Arthrodermataceae and
the Dikaryomycetes. The Ascomycetes include the
Onygenaceae, and members of the Gymnoascaceae (the
Euascomycetes and are both monophyletic. Within the
closest non-keratinolytic relatives of these families) have
Euascomycetes the inoperculate Euascomycetes are
been included to determine the direction of the evolution of
monophyletic except for the Orbiliomycetes which are
characters of interest.
included in an operculate, pezizalean sister group.
Geoglossum is the sister group to the rest of the

inoperculate euascomycetes. The Sordariomycetes,
Dothideomycetes, Chaetothyriomycetes and
Eurotiomycetes are each highly supported as monophyletic
5 - Evolution of anamorph form in the Clavicipitaceae
whereas the Leotiomycetes and Lecanoromycetes are both
shown to be paraphyletic. In the consensus ratchet tree the
K.T. Hodge
Dothideomycetes, Chaetothyriomycetes, Eurotiomycetes
and the paraphyletic assemblage Lecanoromycetes form
Cornell University, Dept. of Plant Pathology, 334 Plant the sister group to the Sordariomycetes and the
Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A. - E-mail: paraphyletic assemblage Leotiomycetes, but that topology
[email protected] receives no jackknife support.
Members of the Clavicipitaceae exhibit a diverse array of
life histories, and a diverse array of anamorph forms. Most
members are symbiotic with plants, fungi, or arthropods.
7 - Changes in systematics of heterobasidiomycetous
Among the arthropod pathogenic members, classification
fungi during 30 years
has so far been based upon the scant characters of the
sexual stromata, and the resulting systems developed by
Kobayasi and other authors prove to be difficult to apply. F. Oberwinkler
Increasingly, we know that they do not reflect relationships
as revealed by molecular evidence. Asexual forms have University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076
seldom been considered key characters for classification, Tuebingen, Germany. - E-mail: franz.oberwinkler@uni-
and indeed, anamorph connections are as yet unknown for tuebingen.de
about 50% of teleomorph species. Yet molecular evidence
suggests that anamorph genera (for example,
Systematics and hypotheses about their evolution have
Harposporium, Hirsutella, and a subset of Paecilomyces
been revolutionized within the last few decades. Main
species) may each comprise monophyletic groups
impacts for new views came from (a) the detection of new
correlated with distinctive teleomorphic characters. The
key species, (b) the application of new techniques to study
functional significance of differing forms in the life
sofar unknown characters, (c) the reconstruction of life-
histories of these organisms has barely been studied,
histories in nature and/or in culture, (d) the understanding
although biocontrol experience suggests that anamorphs
of fungus-host interrelationships, and (e) the combination
play important roles in pathogenicity. This study addresses
of old and new datasets for comparative interpretations. (a)
the evolution of anamorph form, particularly among the
I will present comments on species originally hidden
arthropod pathogenic species of the Clavicipitaceae, and
outside the Basidiomycetes, but now representing key taxa
highlights the potential role of anamorph morphology and
in the heterobasidiomycetous groups, and new species with
ecological factors in improving classification systems in
considerable importance for basidiomycetous phylogeny.
the Clavicipitaceae.
(b) Clarification of monophyla referred in major parts to
ultrastructural characters. A surprisingly high support for
Book of Abstracts 5
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures
new systematic arrangements came from molecular studies. and (ii) to present and discuss new developments
(c) There was a renaissance for ontogenetic studies in concerning the systematics of asexual (Rhodotorula) and
culture. Thus, life-history experiments provided new sexual (Leucosporidium, Mastigobasidium,
insights in most of heterobasidiomyxcetous taxa, especially Rhodosporidium and Sporidiobolus) taxa of the sub-class
in smuts, tremelloid fungi and yeasts. (d) Coevolutionary Microbotryomycetidae. The polyphyletic nature of
processes play an important role in diverse Rhodotorula and the relationship between Leucosporidium
heterobasidiomycetous taxa. Therefore, systematics of / Mastigobasidium and the Microbotryales will be
hosts have to be included in fungal character sets. (e) addressed.
Fortunately, most phylogentic interpretations are now
based on several datasets, suggesting possibilities for
improved evolutionary hypotheses.
10 - Molecular phylogeny of rusts

W. Maier
8 - Ultrastructure of heterobasidiomycetous fungi
Universität Tübingen, Spezielle Botanik/Mykologie, Auf der
R. Bauer
Morgenstelle 1; 72076 Tübingen, Germany. - E-mail:
[email protected]
Universität Tübingen, Lehrstuhl Spezielle Botanik und
Mykologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen,
Sequence data from nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA
Germany. - E-mail: [email protected]
was used to infer phylogenetic relationships of selected
genera of the rust fungi and to test the monophyly of these
Significant ultrastructural characteristics of genera. Neighbor joining analysis and a Bayesian method
heterobasidiomycetes, such as nuclear and spindle pole of phylogenetic inference using Monte Carlo Markov
body behaviour, septal pore apparatus, colacosomes, chains confirm that (1) Puccinia, Uromyces, Cumminsiella
symplechosomes as well as myco- and phytoparasitic and Endophyllum have a common origin. (2) The
interactions will be discussed with special regard to their autoecious Rosaceae-rusts Phragmidium, Kuehneola,
role as phylogenetic markers. Triphragmium, and Trachyspora are a monophyletic group,
representing Phragmidiaceae. (3) The gasteroid genus
Ochropsora is closely related to Tranzschelia. The
monophyly of the following genera could be confirmed:
Chrysomyxa, Coleosporium, Cronartium,
9 - Heterobasidiomycetous yeasts: diversity, phylogeny Gymnosporangium, Melampsora, Phragmidium, and
and classification Tranzschelia, whereas the genera Puccinia, Pucciniastrum,
Thekopsora and Uromyces are polyphyletic. The molecular
J.P. Sampaio1*, R. Bauer2, M. Weiß2 & M. Gadanho1 phylogenetic hypotheses are compared to morphology-
based systematics with special emphasis on spermogonial
and teliospore morphology, and the usefulness of these
1Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Secção Autónoma
characters on different systematic levels is discussed.
de Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia,
Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Portugal. -
2Universität Tübingen, Institut für Biologie I, Lehrstuhl
Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Auf der Morgenstelle, 1,
D-72076, Tübingen, Germany. - E-mail:
11 - Evolution in smuts
[email protected]
D. Begerow* & R. Bauer
Basidiomycetous yeasts form a remarkably diverse group
of fungi and are distributed throughout the three main
University of Tübingen, Botanisches Institut; Auf der
lineages of the Basidiomycota: Urediniomycetes,
Morgenstelle 1, Germany. - E-mail:
Ustilaginomycetes and Hymenomycetes. Traditionally, the
[email protected]
yeast stages of plant or mycoparasitic basidiomycetes and
the unicellular forms of fruitbody-producing taxa have
been excluded from the yeast domain. When these non- Many changes in the view of smut phylogeny have been
conventional basidiomycetous yeasts are cultivated in discussed within the last decade. An overview of the main
laboratory media, the usual growth form is unicellular and lineages of that plant parasitic group is presented. Based on
corresponds to the haploid and/or saprophytic phases. Non- an integrated phylogeny hypotheses of the major traits of
conventional dimorphic basidiomycetes rarely develop evolutionary mechanisms will be discussed. New
their complete life cycle in culture, contrary to typical morphological, ecological, and coevolutionary aspects of
basidiomycetous yeasts. This artificial separation of taxa, smut evolution are in focus of present studies and will be
mainly for historical reasons, prevents an integrated highlighted.
assessment of the diversity of these groups and the
implementation of a natural classification system. The

objectives of this presentation are two-fold: (i) to advocate

a new concept of 'basidiomycetous yeasts' encompassing

all dimorphic basidiomycetes, regardless of their life cycle

6 Book of Abstracts
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures
The results of LSU phylogenies compared with
morphological data for the Tremella grouping strongly
suggest that using large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequences
12 - An integrating approach to ecology, morphology,
are potentially useful in taxonomic, ecological, and
and systematics of smut fungi
evolutionary population-level studies. Moreover, molecular
phylogeny implies that the genus Sirobasidium developed
M. Piepenbring from that of Tremella evolutionally.
Botanical Institute, University of Frankfurt am Main,
Senckenberganlage 31-33, 60054 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany. - E-mail: [email protected]
14 - Auriculariales and related taxa
Systematic relationships are studied in order to understand
M. Weiß1*, M.-A. Selosse2, K.-H. Rexer3 & F.
evolution, which is the result of the interaction of the
Oberwinkler1
organisms with environmental factors. The latter decide
whether a combination of morphological characteristics
contributes or not to the fitness and evolutionary success of 1Universität Tübingen, Botanisches Institut, Lehrstuhl
the respective individual. These are aspects which Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 1,
apparently are important for the survival of certain species D-72076 Tübingen, Germany. - 2Institut de Systématique
of plant parasitic smut fungi: Host species with high (IFR CNRS 1541), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle,
frequency of individuals growing on sites exposed to wind 43 rue Cuvier, F-75005 Paris, France. - 3Universtität
or water; Development of sori in nutrient rich parts of the Marburg, FB Biologie, Spezielle Botanik/Mykologie, Karl-
host plant; Exposure of masses of teliospores to the von-Frisch-Straße 1, D-35032 Marburg Straße 1, D-35032
respective vector of dispersal for a long period of time; Marburg. Straße 1, Germany. - E-mail:
Protection of diaspores against desiccation, intense light, [email protected]
and feeding when young and during dispersal; Adaptations
to different vectors of dispersal. The integration of
We present current hypotheses of phylogenetic
ecological, morphological, and systematic aspects is
relationships within heterobasidiomycetous
illustrated by Cintractia amazonica Syd. & P. Syd. in the
Hymenomycetes with particular reference to
relationship of Cintractia s. l. and Tilletia spp. as well as
Auriculariales. Molecular phylogenetic estimations are
Erratomyces patelii (Pavgi & Thirum.) M. Piepenbr. & R.
discussed in correlation to morphological and ecological
Bauer versus Entyloma spp.
data.

13 - Phylogeny of morphological and molecular studies
15 - Tulasnelloid and other rhizoctonia-forming fungi
in the genera Tremella and Sirobasidium
P.J. Roberts
C.-J. Chen1* & F. Oberwinkler2
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW9 3AB, U.K. - E-
1Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan
mail: [email protected]
University of Technology, 1 NanTai Street, Yung Kang
City, Tainan 71043, Taiwan. - 2Spezielle
Tulasnella, Ceratobasidium, Oliveonia, and other genera of
Botanik/Mykologie, Universitaet Tuebingen, Auf der
rhizoctonia-forming fungi are of phylogenetic interest since
Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany. - E-mail:
they lie somewhere on the boundary between the holo- and
[email protected]
heterobasidiomycetes. This pivotal position appears to be
supported by micromorphological research, ultrastructure
Comparison with morphological and molecular
research, and molecular research. However, the precise
phylogenies, six groups in the genera Tremella and
disposition and relationships of these fungi have yet to be
Sirobasidium are concluded. They are: 1. Aurantia group:
satisfactorily resolved. Morphologically, the Tulasnellales
heterogeneously mixed with basidiomycetaceous host
appear to be a well-defined and coherent group based on
hyphae up to the subhymenium, e.g. T. aurantia, T.
their unique basidia. But there is an unusual plasticity of
encephala; 2. Foliacea group: basidiocarps foliose and
forms (including spores, basidia, and conidial structures)
brown, subhymenium with numerous anastomoses,
within the group and sequencing data has proved difficult
haustoria rarely, e.g. T. foliacea sensu lato, T. giraffa; 3.
to interpret. The Ceratobasidiales present equal but
Fuciformis group: heterogeneously associated with
different problems, particularly in defining genera and
Hypoxylon basidiocarps, e.g. T. flava, T. fuciformis; 4.
species. These problems are made more critical by the
Indecorata group: heterogeneously associated with
economic importance of plant pathogenic and orchid
pyrenomycetaceous perithecia, e.g. T. indecorata, T.
endomycorrhizal rhizoctonias. For several species, any
moriformis, T. nivalis; 5. Mesenterica group: basidiocarps
change in nomenclature (such as synonymization) resulting
gyrose to cerebriform, yellowish, basidia oval, hyphidia
from systematic research may be rejected, raising
existing, subhymenial structure loose, e.g. T. mesenterica,
interesting questions about the relationship between
T. taiwanensis, T. tropica; 6.Sirobasidium group: chained
taxonomists and the consumers of their output.
basidia, basidiomata habitually associated with ascomata or
stromata of ascomycetes, e.g. S. magnum, S. intermediae.
Book of Abstracts 7
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures
restricted to bark or heartwood tissues unless conditions
favour pathogen development. This presentation considers
the interactions between tree roots and pathogenic fungi in
16 - Systemic phenomena in pine pathosystems
terms of host defence and the various external factors
influencing disease development.
P. Bonello

Ohio State University, Dept. of Plant Pathology, 2021
Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A. - E-mail:
18 - Pathogenicity of the Heterobasidion annosum
[email protected]
complex
In many herbaceous host-pathogen systems, localized
Å. Olson*, M. Karlsson, M. Lind & J. Stenlid
infections by pathogens or beneficial microorganisms, or
localized treatment with certain chemicals, induce whole-
plant resistance to subsequent pathogenic infections. This Dept. of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish
phenomenon is termed Systemic Induced Resistance (SIR). University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-750 07
This presentation will illustrate similar phenotypes and Uppsala, Sweden. - E-mail: [email protected]
associated putative defense responses in three conifer
pathosystems: 1) pitch canker of Monterey pine, caused by
The outcome of an interaction between a pathogen and its
Fusarium circinatum; 2) Heterobasidion annosum root and
host is dependent on the genotype of the individuals
butt rot of ponderosa pine; and 3) Sphaeropsis sapinea tip
involved as well as environmental conditions. We have
blight and canker of Austrian pine. An SIR phenotype was
taking both a genetic and a genomic approach to address
recently described in Monterey pine (Bonello et al. 2001.
the question of what genetic factors are of importance for
Systemic induced resistance in Monterey pine. Forest
pathogenicity and host specialisation in the tree pathogen
Pathology 31:99-106), while systemic changes in defensive
Heterobasidion annosum. In North America H. annosum is
secondary metabolism were observed in mature ponderosa
present as two intersterile groups corresponding to
pines (in preparation). Working with potted Austrian pine
biological species with different host preferences; the S-
we have now observed a unique phenomenon in which
group which has spruce, fir and hemlock as its main hosts
expression of SIR, or the opposite phenotype of systemic
and the P-group which has pines as its main hosts. In the
induced susceptibility (SIS), depend on whether the
genomic approach we have sequenced 1148 randomly
challenge infections occur on the stem or on the shoot tips.
picked cDNA clones from a library constructed from
We are now attempting to correlate this organ specific
mRNA of H. annosum challenged with Scots pine roots.
SIR/SIS phenomenon with the expression of specific
Contig analysis identified 339 unique contig sequences out
putative defense responses of the host. The significance of
of which 247 were assigned a putative function deduced
these results will be discussed along with future lines of
from sequence similarity with proteins in public databases.
investigation.
In the genetic approach we are currently preparing a
genetic linkage map using AFLP markers using a mapping
population of 97 progeny isolates from a cross between a P
and a S homokaryon. Virulence on pine has been analysed
for the 97 progeny isolates. Further studies of SP hybrids of
17 - Longevity and plant defence: Host-pathogen
H. annosum have revealed an importance of the
interactions in short- and long-lived tissues of trees
mitochondria for virulence in pine.
S. Woodward

University of Aberdeen, Department of Agriculture &
19 - Phytophthora in forest trees: host-parasite
Forestry, MacRobert Building, 581 King Street, Aberdeen
interactions
AB24 5UA, Scotland, U.K. - E-mail:
[email protected]
E.M. Hansen1*, G.E.St.J. Hardy2 & W. Osswald3
Relative to many herbaceous plants, trees are subject to a
wide range of diseases during their long life cycles. 1Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University,
Different diseases may be classed as persistent, once Corvallis OR 97331, U.S.A. - 2Murdoch University, Perth,
established present within the host until the tree dies, or Western Australia, Australia. - 3Technical University of
periodic, attacking short-lived tissues when the Munich, Freising, Germany. - E-mail:
environmental conditions favour pathogen development. [email protected]
This presentation is focused on two broad categories of
disease which affect overall tree growth and productivity:
Phytophthora is well known as a genus of agricultural
(1) fine root diseases and (2) secondary root diseases. The
pathogens, often destructive when soil conditions favor
main host species discussed will be Pinus sylvestris and
zoospore spread. Phytophthora species are also widespread
Picea sitchensis. In mature trees and under normal forest
in many forests, but little is known about their interactions
conditions, disease of fine roots are most likely to be
with potential hosts. We focus this analysis on three host
periodic, killing limited sections of the fine root system,
tree-pathogen systems that illustrate a range of pathogenic
except where prevailing microclimatic conditions favour
behaviors; by reviewing what is known, we hope to focus
disease. Diseases of secondary roots, however, are often
attention on critical gaps in our understanding of forest
persistent, colonising woody tissues, but remaining
8 Book of Abstracts
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures
Phytophthoras. P. cinnamomi is the most studied of the
three, with a broad host range and global distribution. It is
introduced to Australia, where it causes ecological
21 - An overview of wound response and antimicrobial
destruction in some forest communities, but has negligible
defence in eucalypts
impact in others. In some hosts at least, it moves in the
xylem well beyond the margin of phloem necrosis. P.
lateralis, by contrast, exhibits essentially host specific C. Mohammed1*, K.M. Barry2, A. Eyles3, K. Harrison3 &
pathogenicity in forests of the western United States. M. Hall1
Native Chamaecyparis lawsoniana are aggressively
attacked and killed as the pathogen colonizes the phloem in 1CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, GPO Box 252-12,
a broad advancing front that moves up the roots into the Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia. - 2School of
stem. P. quercina is associated with oak decline in Europe,
Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, GPO Box
but appears to be native, or at least of long standing in 252-12, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia. - 3CRC for
these forests. It is confined to the fine roots of susceptible
Sustainable Production Forestry, GPO Box 252-12,
oaks, but induces symptoms far beyond the colonized
Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia. - E-mail:
tissues. We review what is known and describe ongoing
[email protected]
research into the infection biology and pathogenesis of
these contrasting species, and host responses to them.
With the expanding use of regrowth eucalypt forests and
plantations for wood production, the profitability of

processing operations (particularly sawmilling) will
increasingly depend on the maximum recovery of high
20 - Induction of defense structures in conifers: Norway quality products from relatively small logs. The quality and
spruce as a model system and a brief phylogenetic study value of eucalypt logs can be significantly affected by the
incidence, location and extent of discoloration and defect
resulting from kino veins, decay fungi and insect attack.
V.R. Franceschi
Our group is the first internationally to carry out detailed
studies of eucalypt wood defence. We seek to compare two
School of Biological Sciences, Washington State important Australian plantation species (E. nitens and E.
University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A. - E-mail: globulus) with other tree species. Our studies in the area of
[email protected] eucalypt defence initially focused on the formation of a
reaction zone (antimicrobial defence barrier between
Norway spruce was used as a model system to study healthy and decayed sapwood). Our most recent studies
anatomical and chemical defense responses to Ceratocystis have also investigated the new tissue formed immediately
polonica and attack by its bark-beetle vector Ips adjacent to the wound site which hitherto has been given
typographus. Fungal inoculation into the phloem generated relatively little importance. Both reaction zone and
responses within 3 wk, including increase in polyphenolic especially wound tissue have been found to contain a
parenchyma cell (PP cell) size and staining, wound surprising concoction of tannins, flavonoids and terpenes.
periderm initiation, and traumatic resin duct (TD) The nature and significance of these extractives and the
formation. Fungi were not seen in samples 3 wk after tissue changes observed in response to wounding and
phloem inoculation, but were in some samples 6-9 wk after infection in eucalypts will be examined in the broader
inoculation. Inoculations into the cambium resulted in context of tree defence strategies.
partial (3 wk) or complete (6, 9 wk) fungal colonization.
This indicates that PP cells have defenses capable of
inhibiting fungal growth. Samples taken near bark-beetle
galleries had similar anatomical responses, validating the
22 - Clonality in wood-inhabiting fungi on different
inoculation approach. In an attempt to determine signals
spatial scales
involved in these reactions, we found methyl jasmonate
(MJ) induced similar anatomical and chemical responses.
A single MJ treatment induced swelling of PP cells, R. Vasiliauskas* & J. Stenlid
increase in their phenolic contents, and formation of
additional PP cells and TDs. Treatment enhanced resin
Dept. of Forest Mycology & Pathology, Swedish University
flow and increased resistance to C. polonica. MJ
of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE - 750 07 Uppsala,
application to the oldest internode of 2-yr-old saplings also
Sweden. - E-mail: [email protected]
induced TD formation, and, more surprisingly, TDs were
formed in the untreated internode. MJ was found to have
similar effects at upregulating defense responses in other This presentation focuses on clonal spread in wood-
conifer trees, although surprising differences were found in inhabiting fungi and its impact on population structures
some taxa. over local and large geographic areas. The work is based
on genetic and spatial data and reveals strikingly different
modes and consequences of asexual propagation in a

number of species. The following species are discussed: 1)
Heterobasidion annosum, 2) Rhizina undulata, 3) Stereum
sanguinolentum, 4) Amylostereum chailletii, 5) A.

areolatum and 6) Phlebiopsis gigantea. Clonality in those

species arises as a result of: a) mycelial growth and
colonisation of spatially separated resource units (trees)
over discrete territories (species 1 and 2); b) airborne
Book of Abstracts 9
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures
spread of non-outcrossing spores (species 2 and 3); c) The genetic structure of the postfire ascomycete Daldinia
vectoring of vegetative mycelium by woodwasps and wood loculata was studied on both a local and a continental
material (species 4 and 5); d) use of single fungal strain as scale. We were able to show endophytic establishment of
a large-scale biocontrol agent (species 6). The results show D. loculata by isolating mycelia from non-decayed wood
that fungal clones at one extreme are small and local; at the of birches. The distribution of genets was studied at one
other extreme, clones of the wood-inhabiting fungi are Swedish forest site, and in all trees studied we found only
capable of moving between widely separated locations and one, or occassionally two, unique genets per stem. The
have a pronounced impact on population structure of a relatively large genet in the stem apparently was one of the
given species on trans- or even inter-continental scales. parents of the offspring of the stromata attached to the tree,
Persistence of such clones in nature varies from several while each stroma had one or several unique second
years up to several decades. They are mainly characteristic parents. Low levels of genetic differentiation among
for forest areas under anthropogenic impact, with the Eurasian subpopulations were confirmed by analysing the
presence of stumps, wounds on living trees, burned areas allelic distribution nuclear gene loci of 1 Russian and 6
and exotic species. Fennoscandian subpopulations. Taken together, these
results suggests that D. loculata consists of a long-lived
background Eurasian population of latent mycelia in non-
burned forests, established by ascospores dispersed from
scattered burned forest sites. When the trees die from a
23 - Sexuality and genetic variation in three boreal forest fire, the latently established genets starts to decay the
Polypores possessing divergent niche requirements wood, and the sexual reproduction is triggered. In order to
investigate the spatial distribution and origin of the parents
H. Kauserud* & T. Schumacher of the stromata, all vegetative genets and offspring of the
attached stromata were sampled at one burned forest site.
The sequence of highly variable nuclear gene loci were
University of Oslo, Department of Biology, P.O.Box 1045
analysed from each mycelium and the high level of unique
Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. - E-mail:
genets found indicates ascospore origin of all mycelia.
[email protected]

The population structure and sexuality of Fennoscandian
populations of three model species, the vulnerable
Phellinus nigrolimitatus and Fomitopsis rosea and the 25 - Population genetics and dispersal biology of
common pioneer wood-fungus Trichaptum abietinum, was endangered lichen species: some implications for lichen
investigated. Molecular support for a heterothallic mating conservation biology
system in P. nigrolimitatus was found. Molecular data and
mating studies demonstrated that T. abietinum and F. rosea C. Scheidegger*, J.-C. Walser, D. Yetman, S. Werth & C.
have a heterothallic mating system. The observed genotype
Sperisen
distributions in the geographic populations of the model
species were mostly in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg
WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, CH-8903
expectations. Our results suggest that the mating
Birmensdorf, Switzerland. - E-mail: [email protected]
populations are large and that panmictic conditions exist.
Although P. nigrolimitatus and F. rosea probably have
experienced decline in population sizes as a result of Global populations of endangered lichen-forming fungi are
negative impacts from forestry, no distinct heterozygote often highly fragmented and local populations are reduced
deficits ascribed to inbreeding could apparently be to critical size, e.g. in Erioderma pedicellatum. Especially
detected. The molecular markers revealed little genetic in heterothallic species such as Lobaria pulmonaria this
differentiation among geographic populations of the three process is likely to reduce the survival probability of local
model species, indicating high gene flow and good populations if genetic diversity is reduced. For instance, in
dispersal ability. The geographic populations may be this species genetically depauperate populations seem to be
regarded as subpopulations sharing the same gene pool. A unable to reproduce sexually and therefore propagation is
high number of mating types were present in one T. limited to vegetative, symbiotic dispersal units. However,
abietinum and two F. rosea populations, a feature that may the low range of these relatively large dispersal units limits
indicate high genetic diversity. A high number of T. the local populations to rather low average population
abietinum and F. rosea genets occurred on single logs. In densities. The study of the dispersal and post-dispersal
P. nigrolimitatus fewer but larger genets that often processes is therefore of prime importance to identify
produced more than one basidiocarp occurred. critical distances among habitats, especially in managed
forests. PCR-based techniques were recently developed and
allow the detection of single symbiotic propagules. Further,
sets of markers with high levels of genetic variation will
become available and will allow to detect rare genotypes
24 - Genetic structure of Daldinia loculata populations which depend on conservation measures such as population
augmentation.
H. Johannesson1*, A. Guidot2, A. Dahlberg1 & J. Stenlid1

1SLU, Forest Mycology and Pathology, Box 7026 SE-750
07 Uppsala, Sweden. - 2SLU, ArtDatabanken, Box 7007
SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. - E-mail:
[email protected]
10 Book of Abstracts