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Boilerplate Clauses, International Commercial Contracts and the Applicable Law: Common Law Contract Models and Commercial Transactions Subject to Civilian Governing Laws PDF

427 Pages·2011·1.9 MB·English
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This page intentionally left blank BOILERPLATE CLAUSES, INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS AND THE APPLICABLE LAW With the aim of creating an autonomous regime for the interpretation and application of the contract, boilerplate clauses are often inserted intointernational commercialcontracts withoutnegotiationsorregard fortheirlegaleffects.Theassumptionthatsufficientlydetailedandclear language will ensure that the legal effects of the contract will only be based on the contract, as opposed to the applicable law, was originally encouraged by English courts, and today most international contracts havetheseclauses,irrespectiveofthegoverninglaw. Thiscollectionofessaysdemonstratesthatthisassumptionisnotfully applicableundersystemsofcivillaw,becausethesesystemsarebasedon principles,suchasgoodfaithandloyalty,whichcontradictthisapproach. giudittacordero-mossisaprofessorattheInstituteofPrivateLaw, University of Oslo, where her main areas of expertise are international commercial law, comparative law and private international law. She is also an international arbitrator and has in the past practised as an internationalcommerciallawyerinItaly,NorwayandRussia. BOILERPLATE CLAUSES, INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS AND THE APPLICABLE LAW Edited by GIUDITTA CORDERO-MOSS cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,SãoPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521197892 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2011 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2011 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Boilerplateclauses,internationalcommercialcontractsandtheapplicable law/editedbyGiudittaCordero-Moss. p. cm. ISBN978-0-521-19789-2(hardback) 1. Standardizedtermsofcontract. 2. Contracts–Language. 3. Foreigntrade regulation. I. Cordero-Moss,Giuditta. II. Title. K845.S7B65 2011 346.0202–dc22 2010037106 ISBN978-0-521-19789-2Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. CONTENTS Listofcontributors pagexvii Preface xxi Introduction 1 giuditta cordero-moss 1 Overviewofthebook 1 2 Thefindings 3 3 Acknowledgments 4 PART 1 Howcontractsarewritteninpractice 7 IntroductiontoPart1 9 1. Negotiatinginternationalcontracts:doestheprocess inviteareviewofstandardcontractsfromthepoint ofviewofnationallegalrequirements? 11 david echenberg 1 Howitallgotstarted 12 1.1 Notallcontractualtermsarecreatedequal 12 1.2 Imperfectinformation 15 1.3 Non-negotiatedcontracts 17 2 Theendresult 18 2.1 Thecontractasanimperfectcompromise 18 2.2 Consequences 18 2. Multinationalcompaniesandnationalcontracts 20 maria celeste vettese 1 Introduction 20 v vi contents 2 Standardcontractualstructures,theirimpactonnational legislationsandtheexpectationsoftheparties 22 3 Thein-houselawyerperspective 29 PART 2 Methodologicalchallenges 33 IntroductiontoPart2 35 3. Doestheuseofcommonlawcontractmodelsgiverise toatacitchoiceoflawortoaharmonised,transnational interpretation? 37 giuditta cordero-moss 1 Doesthedraftingstyleimplyachoiceoftheapplicable law? 37 1.1 Tacitchoiceoflaw 39 1.2 Closestconnection 41 1.3 Conclusion 43 2 Isauniforminterpretationofinternationalcontractsthat isindependentfromtheapplicablelawpossible? 43 2.1 Transnationalsources 52 2.2 Doestransnationallawhavetheforceoflaw? 45 2.3 Doestransnationallawexcludetheapplicablelaw? 47 2.3.1 Specificcontractregulations 47 2.3.2 Generalcontractregulations 48 2.4 Doestransnationallawprovideauniformstandard? 52 3 Conclusion 60 4. Commonlaw-basedcontractsunderGermanlaw 62 gerhard dannemann 1 Introduction 62 2 Likelyproblems 64 3 Courtpractice 67 3.1 Shippingcontracts,exclusionandpenaltyclauses 68 3.2 Financialsecuritiesandgoodfaith 74 3.3 Brokerageandgoodfaith 75 3.4 Constructioncontracts,warningsandfault 75 3.5 Controlofstandardtermsandexclusionclauses 76 4 Conclusions 77 contents vii 5. ComparingexculpatoryclausesunderAnglo-Americanlaw: testingtotallegalconvergence 80 edward t. canuel 1 Introducingthecomparativelegalmethod:thefirststep inevaluatingtotallegalconvergence 81 1.1 Legalconvergencetheory:discussionpoints 83 2 Exculpatoryclauses:background,interactionwith contractualtheoriesandduties 85 2.1 Theroleofunconscionability 86 2.2 Assent,dutytoread 87 3 TestingconvergencewithintheAnglo-American family:towagecontractsandexculpatory clauses 93 3.1 ThedevelopmentofUSlaw:Bissoandbeyond 93 3.2 Thecommonlawfamilycomparison:Englishlaw 95 3.3 Theroleoflegaltechnicalities 98 4 Conclusion:astepawayfromtotallegal convergence 101 6. CirculationofcommonlawcontractmodelsinEurope:the impactoftheEuropeanUnionsystem 104 jean-sylvestre berge´ 1 TheEuropeanUnionsystemandcirculationofcommon lawcontractmodels 104 2 Analmostperfectexample:theCouragecase 104 3 ThecontextofthecaseinEUlaw 105 4 ThethreelessonsdrawnfromtheCouragecase 106 5 Firstlesson:incontractlaw,theuseoftheprinciple ofproceduralautonomyisratherexceptionaland ofasubsidiarynature 107 6 Secondlesson:theEuropeanframeworkgoverningthe principleofproceduralautonomyaimsatestablishinga correlationbetweenpartlyautonomousandpartly hierarchisedlegalsystems 108 viii contents 7 Thirdlesson:theinterventionofEUlawleadstoarereading ofnationallaws,whichisrathernuancedandhasabroad meaning 110 8 Conclusion 112 PART 3 Theapplicablelaw’seffectsonboilerplate clauses 113 IntroductiontoPart3 115 1 ClausesanalysedinPart3 118 1.1 Entireagreement 119 1.2 Nowaiver 119 1.3 Nooralamendments 119 1.4 Severability 119 1.5 Conditions/essentialterms 119 1.6 Soleremedy 119 1.7 Subjecttocontract 120 1.8 Materialadversechange 120 1.9 Liquidateddamages 120 1.10 Indemnity 121 1.11 Representationsandwarranties 122 1.12 Hardship 122 1.13 Forcemajeure 123 2 Casesillustratingtheneedforcoordinationwiththe applicablelaw 125 2.1 Clausesaimingatfullydetachingthecontractfromthe applicablelaw 125 2.2 Clausesusingaterminologywithlegaleffectsnotknown totheapplicablelaw 127 2.3 Clausesregulatingmattersalreadyregulatedintheapplicable law 127 7. Thecommonlawtradition:applicationofboilerplateclauses underEnglishlaw 129 edwin peel 1 Introduction 129 1.1 Content 129 1.2 Interpretation 132 1.3 Goodfaith 134 1.4 Conclusionandmethodology 135

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