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Bodzia: A Late Viking-Age Elite Cemetery in Central Poland East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450 General Editor Florin Curta VOLUME 27 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ecee Bodzia A Late Viking-Age Elite Cemetery in Central Poland Edited by Andrzej Buko Editorial assistant Dorota Cyngot LEIDEN | BOSTON The translation of the book was funded by The Foundation for Polish Science. Translation by Sylwia Twardo Language Consultant: Paul M. Barford Cover illustration front: A young warrior with a silver incrusted sword (grave E864/I) © Photo: S. Gronek. Cover illustration back: Silver kaptorga with a representation of a predatory bird (grave 864/II) © Photo: M. Jórdeczka. Library of Congress Control Number: 2014955896 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1872-8103 isbn 978-90-04-27829-5 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-28132-5 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents List of Illustrations ix List of Tables xxvii List of Contributors xxix Looking Towards Bodzia: An Introduction 1 Andrzej Buko Part 1 The Area of the Middle and Lower Vistula River Valley between the 10th–11th Centuries: Archaeology and History 1 The Archaeological Context of the Bodzia Cemetery and the Trade Route along the Middle and the Lower Vistula during the Middle and Late Viking Period 9 Mateusz Bogucki 2 The Historical Context of the Discoveries at Bodzia 34 Roman Michałowski part 2 The Bodzia Cemetery: Site Location, Environmental Data, Graves and their Contents 3 Bodzia: Site Location and History of Research 47 Iwona Sobkowiak-Tabaka 4 The Effect of Depositional and Post-Depositional Processes on the Preservation of Skeletal Remains in the Bodzia Cemetery 54 Iwona Hildebrandt-Radke 5 The Inventory of the Burials and their Contents 63 Iwona Sobkowiak-Tabaka Appendix: Wood and Plant Macro-Remains Analysis 139 Joanna Koszałka vi contents 6 Analysis of the Skeletal Population from the Cemetery of Bodzia 143 Alicja Drozd-Lipińska and Tomasz Kozłowski part 3 Grave Goods and their Context 7 Overview of the Finds from the Bodzia Cemetery 163 Andrzej Buko 8 Merchants’ Implements (the Folding Balance) 166 Michał Kara 9 Weapons 177 Michał Kara Appendix: Metallographic Analyses of Selected Finds from a Young Warrior’s Grave (E864/I) 197 Zdzisław Hensel 10 Status and Magic. Ornaments Used by the Bodzia Elites 202 Władysław Duczko 11 Glass Beads 222 Maria Dekówna and Tomasz Purowski 12 Iron Artifacts 262 Tomasz Sawicki 13 Costume Elements of Leather 272 Anna B. Kowalska 14 Ceramic and Wooden Containers 288 Kinga Zamelska-Monczak 15 Objects Made of Antler and Stone 304 Kinga Zamelska-Monczak 16 The Obol of the Dead 313 Stanisław Suchodolski contents vii part 4 Funeral Rites 17 Description of the Cemetery, Organization of the Burial Space, the Burial Rites in the Light of the Cultural and Historical Determinants 343 Michał Kara 18 Tentative Reconstruction of Coffins 412 Tomasz Sawicki 19 Symbolic Aspects of the Remains of Wood from the Cemetery 421 Joanna Koszałka PART 5 Chronology of the Cemetery 20 Chronology of the Cemetery 427 Andrzej Buko and Michał Kara Appendix 1: AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Samples from the Cemetery at Bodzia 437 Tomasz Goslar Appendix 2: Radiometric Radiocarbon Dating of Samples from the Cemetery at Bodzia 441 Marek Krąpiec part 6 Locals or Aliens? 21 Isotopic Proveniencing of the Bodzia Burials 445 T. Douglas Price and Karin Margarita Frei 22 Genetic Analysis of Selected Graves from the Cemetery 463 Wiesław Bogdanowicz, Tomasz Grzybowski and Magdalena M. Buś viii contents part 7 European Contexts of the Bodzia Cemetery 23 The Cemetery at Bodzia in a Broader European Context 479 Michael Müller-Wille 24 The Cemetery at Bodzia in the Context of the Funerary Practices in the Polish Lands in the Late 10th–11th Century 511 Michał Kara part 8 The Bodzia Cemetery in Light of the Interdisciplinary Research 25 The Bodzia Cemetery in Light of the Interdisciplinary Research 523 Andrzej Buko Bibliography 555 Index 601 List of Illustrations FIGURE Caption 1.1 Location of Kuyavia region and the early mediaeval settlement around Włocławek (after Jażdżewski 1956). 11 1.2 Włocławek crucible and bronze scrap: evidence of metallurgical activity from the settlement in existence before the stronghold was established (after Żurowski 1961). 13 1.3 Bodzia, settlement finds: stone mould, crucible, and combs (after Kolenda, Zamelska-Monczak 2011). 15 1.4 Brześć Kujawski, Site 5, cemetery finds (after Jażdżewski 1956; Kaszewscy 1971). 17 1.5 The Borucin hoard, selected finds (after Brzeziński 2007). 19 1.6 The Włocławek bowl (after Walicki 1968). 20 1.7 Ciepłe, Grave 35/2008: a late 10th- or early 11th-century Scandinavian burial (after Ratajczyk 2011). 24 1.8 Kałdus, chamber graves (after Chudziak ed. 2010). 25 1.9 Kałdus, selected finds: wooden bowl with fittings from Grave 60; bronze appliqué with the image of a woman in orans posture; antler disc with runic inscription from the layer covering the foundations of the church (after Chudziak 2001; 2003). 26 1.10 (a/b) Pień, chamber Grave 18 (Photo: A. Janowski). 27 1.11 The main centers of power (black circles), graves of the Scandinavian elite (red circles), and main directions of routes through Kuyavia to Greater Poland (arrows) in the Early Middle Ages. 29 2.1 Civitas Schinesghe and its central places mentioned in the Gallus Anonymous (after Z. Kurnatowska, modified by the author, digital processing by M. Trzeciecki). 36 3.1 Location of Site 1 at Bodzia on the map, scale 1:10 000 (by P. Szejnoga). 48 3.2 The site during exploration: eastern view of the village of Bodzia (Photo: S. Gronek). 49 3.3 The site during exploration: north-eastern view of the village of Bodzia (Photo: S. Kociński). 49 3.4 Distribution of the features at the site (by P. Szejnoga). 50 4.1 The morphometrical map of the Kuyavian Lake District. On the map, the location of the archaeological excavation site in Bodzia