Table Of Content

BODY AND SOUL IN HELLENISTIC PHILOSOPHY PhilosophersanddoctorsfromtheperiodimmediatelyafterAristotle downtothesecondcenturycewereparticularlyfocusedontheclose relationships of soul and body. Such relationships are particularly intimatewhenthesoulisunderstoodtobeamaterialentity,asitwas byEpicureansandStoics;butevenAristoteliansandPlatonistsshared theconvictionthatbodyandsoulinteractinwaysthataffectthewell beingofthelivinghumanbeing.Thesephilosopherswereinterested inthenatureofthesoul,itsstructure,anditspowers.Theywerealso interested in the place of the soul within a general account of the world.Thisleadstoimportantquestionsaboutthepropermethods bywhichweshouldinvestigatethenatureofthesoulandtheappro priate relationships among natural philosophy, medicine, and psy chology.Thisvolume,partofthe Symposium Hellenisticumseries, featurestenscholarsaddressingdifferentaspectsofthistopic. brad inwood istheWilliamLampsonProfessorofPhilosophyand ClassicsatYaleUniversity.HismajorworksincludeEthicsandHuman ActioninEarlyStoicism(1985),ThePoemofEmpedocles(2nded.2001), Reading Seneca: Stoic Philosophy at Rome (2005), Seneca: Selected Philosophical Letters (2007), Ethics after Aristotle (2014), and Stoicism: A Very Short Introduction (2018). He has edited or coedited several volumes, including The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics (Cambridge,2003),andfrom2007to2015hewastheeditorofOxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of CanadaandamemberoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences. jameswarrenisProfessorofAncientPhilosophyattheUniversityof CambridgeandaFellowofCorpusChristiCollege.Heistheauthorof Epicurus and Democritean Ethics (Cambridge, 2002), Facing Death: Epicurus and His Critics (2004), Presocratics (2007), and The Pleasures of Reason in Plato, Aristotle, and the Hellenistic Hedonists (Cambridge, 2014). He is the editor of The Cambridge Companion to Epicureanism (2009), with Frisbee Sheffield; The Routledge Companion to Ancient Philosophy (2014); and with Jenny Bryan and Robert Wardy, Authors andAuthoritiesinAncientPhilosophy(Cambridge,2018). BODY AND SOUL IN HELLENISTIC PHILOSOPHY edited by BRAD INWOOD YaleUniversity,Connecticut JAMES WARREN UniversityofCambridge UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridgecb28bs,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314 321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi 110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06 04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108485821 doi:10.1017/9781108641487 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2020 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2020 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd,PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData names:Inwood,Brad,editor.|Warren,James,1974 editor. title:BodyandsoulinHellenisticphilosophy/editedbyBradInwood,YaleUniversity, Connecticut,JamesWarren,UniversityofCambridge. description:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY,USA:CambridgeUniversity Press,2020.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. identifiers:lccn2019058313(print)|lccn2019058314(ebook)|isbn9781108485821 (hardback)|isbn9781108641487(ebook) subjects:lcsh:Soul.|Ancientphilosophy. classification:lccb187.s6b632020(print)|lccb187.s6(ebook)|ddc128/.10938 dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019058313 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019058314 isbn978-1-108-48582-1Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents ListofContributors pagevi ListofAbbreviations vii Introduction 1 BradInwoodandJamesWarren 1. HellenisticMedicine,StratoofLampsacus, andAristotle’sTheoryofSoul 9 SylviaBerryman 2. HerophilusandErasistratusontheHēgemonikon 30 DavidLeith 3. GalenonSoul,MixtureandPneuma 62 PhilipvanderEijk 4. ThePartitionoftheSoul:Epicurus,Demetrius Lacon,andDiogenesofOinoanda 89 FrancescoVerde 5. CosmicandIndividualSoulinEarlyStoicism 113 FrancescoAdemollo 6. Soul,Pneuma,andBlood:TheStoicConceptionoftheSoul 145 ChristelleVeillard 7. ThePlatonicSoul,fromtheEarlyAcademy totheFirstCenturyce 171 JanOpsomer 8. CiceroontheSoul’sSensationofItself:Tusculans1.49–76 199 J.P.F.Wynne Bibliography 231 IndexLocorum 252 SubjectIndex 262 v Contributors francesco ademollo, Associate Professor of the History of Ancient Philosophy,UniversityofFlorence sylvia berryman, Professor of Philosophy, University of British Columbia brad inwood, ProfessorofPhilosophyandClassics,YaleUniversity david leith, SeniorLecturerinClassics,UniversityofExeter jan opsomer, ProfessorofPhilosophy,UniversityofLeuven philip van der eijk, Alexander von Humboldt Professor of Classics andHistoryofScience,HumboldtUniversity,Berlin christelle veillard, Maître de Conférences, University of Paris Nanterre francesco verde, Assistant Professor of the History of Ancient Philosophy,SapienzaUniversityofRome james warren, Professor of Ancient Philosophy and Fellow of Corpus ChristiCollege,Cambridge j.p.f.wynne,AssociateProfessorofClassics,UniversityofUtah vi Abbreviations Forabbreviationsofancientauthorsandworks,seetheIndexlocorum. DG H.Diels(1879)Doxographigraeci,Berlin DK H. Diels and W. Kranz (1952) Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker,6thedition,Berlin EK L. Edelstein and I. G. Kidd (1988–99) Posidonius 3 vols., Cambridge FHS&G William W. Fortenbaugh, Pamela M. Huby, Robert W. Sharples and Dimitri Gutas (1993) Theophrastus of Eresus: Sources for His Life, Writings, Thought and Influence 2vols.,Leiden K. C.G.Kühn(1921–33)ClaudiiGaleniOperaOmnia22vols., Leipzig LS A. A. Long and D. N. Sedley (1987) The Hellenistic Philosophers2vols.,Cambridge LSJ H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, and H. S. Jones (1925–1940) AGreek-EnglishLexicon,9thedition,Oxford OLD OxfordLatinDictionary,2ndedition,Oxford,2012 PHerc. HerculaneumPapyrus POxy OxyrhynchusPapyrus SSR G. Giannantoni (1990) Socratis et socraticorum reliquiae, Naples SVF H. von Arnim (1903–5) Stoicorum veterum fragmenta, Stuttgart Us. H.Usener(1887)Epicurea,Leipzig vii Introduction Brad Inwood and James Warren Therelationshipofsoultobodywasoneoftheearliestandmostpersistent questionsinancientthought.ItemergesintheHomericpoems,wherethe psuchēisabreath-likestuffthatanimatesthehumanbeinguntilitdeparts atdeathfortheunderworld,leavingthecorpse(sōmaornekros)behind.In the Odyssey these souls are found lurking wraith-like in the underworld until they are revitalised by a sacrifice of blood which gives them a temporary power to think and speak again. Among Pythagoreans and others,the soullives imprisoned inthebody untilit is liberatedatdeath, onlytobereincarnatedforanewlifeinanewbodyinaccordancewithits merits. Plato embraces this theory in several of his dialogues, but even though the soul is a relatively autonomous substance it is nevertheless deeplyaffectedbytheconditionsofthebodyitinhabitsduringlifeandthe choicesthisembodiedsoulmakes.OtherearlyGreekthinkersregardedthe soul as little more than the life force animating a body, a special kind of material stuff that accounts for the functions of a living animal but then disperses at death. Democritean atomism embraced this notion of soul, whichwasalsocommoninthemedicaltradition.Aristotle’sanalysisofall substancesintoformandmatterfacilitatedtheidentificationofsoulwith the form of a suitably organised body, a form responsible for all of the abilitiesandcapacities(dunameis)thatconstitutethelifeofanylivingthing (bothplantsandanimals). Itmayappear,inthatcase,thatonceAristotlecametoofferhisview,the general landscape of accounts of the relationship between body and soul was more or less fully mapped out. On one side there are those accounts which hold that the soul is itself a kind of body, perhaps a particularly volatileorrarefiedbodybutabodynonetheless.Ontheothersidethereare thosewhoinsistthatthereisaradicaldifferenceinkindbetweensoulsand bodies.Bodiesareperceptible,physicallyextended,andresistanttotouch, whilesoulsaretobeunderstoodaslackingallofthesefeaturesandinstead beingintelligibleand,onsomeviews,abletoexistentirelyindependently 1 2 brad inwood and james warren of any body. Somewhere between these two broad camps there are those thinkerswhofollowAristotleinhishylomorphicanalysisandhisviewthat ‘thesoulisneitherwithoutabodynorisitabody’(DeAnima2.2,414a19– 20). And we can perhaps also add as a distinct group those thinkers who made the soul dependent on a body or a certain arrangement of bodily matter but not itself a body, including those ‘harmony’ theorists invoked bySocratesinPlato’sPhaedo(85e–86d)andthenagainbyAristotleinthe De Anima (1.2, 407b27–408a28). All of these views had been presented, revised,attacked,anddefendedbythebeginningoftheHellenisticperiod andthevariousauthorsonwhomtheessaysinthiscollectionconcentrate were all well-informed about the relatively long history of the problems theycontinuedtodiscuss. The essays gathered in this volume explore Greek and Roman theories abouttherelationshipofsoulandbodyinthecenturiesafterAristotle.All theessayshavetheirorigininpaperspresentedatthefourteenthtriennial SymposiumHellenisticum,heldattheUniversityofUtrechtinJuly2016. They cover connected issues that arise among philosophers and doctors from the period immediately after Aristotle down to the second century ce.Doctors fromHerophilustoGalenarecovered,asarerepresentatives of the Peripatetic,Epicurean, Stoic, and Platonisttraditions. Buildingon theachievementsofearlierGreekthinkers,thesedoctorsandphilosophers wereparticularlyfocusedonthecloserelationshipsofsoulandbody;such relationships are particularly intimate when the soul is understood to be a material entity, as it was by Epicurean atomists and by Stoics; but even hylomorphists(suchasmanyAristotelians)andsubstancedualists(suchas manyPlatonists)sharetheconvictionthatbodyandsoulinteractinways thataffectthewell-beingandmoralconditionofthelivinghumanbeing. Thesephilosopherscontinuedtopursuethequestionoftherelationship betweenthesoulandthebodybyconsideringitinavarietyofdifferentbut interrelated philosophical contexts. They were interested in the central questionofthenatureofthesoul,itsstructure,anditspowers.Theywere also interested in the place of the soul within a general account of the world. This leads to important questions about the proper methods by which we should investigate the nature of the soul and the appropriate relationships among natural philosophy, medicine, and psychology. Insofarasquestionsabouttheworldasawholemaysometimesalsoinvolve questionsoftheology,astheycertainlydidinthecaseoftheStoics,itisalso easy to see how an account of the relationship between the body and the soul will easily lead into considerations of the relationship between theindividualhumansoulandadivinesoulorthesoulofthecosmos(‘the