Blurry Boundaries of Public and Private International Law: Towards Convergence or Divergent Still? PDF
Preview Blurry Boundaries of Public and Private International Law: Towards Convergence or Divergent Still?
Poomintr Sooksripaisarnkit Dharmita Prasad Editors Blurry Boundaries of Public and Private International Law Towards Convergence or Divergent Still? Blurry Boundaries of Public and Private International Law · Poomintr Sooksripaisarnkit Dharmita Prasad Editors Blurry Boundaries of Public and Private International Law Towards Convergence or Divergent Still? Editors PoomintrSooksripaisarnkit DharmitaPrasad MaritimeLaw,AustralianMaritimeCollege JindalGlobalLawSchool UniversityofTasmania O.P.JindalGlobalUniversity Launceston,TAS,Australia Sonipat,Haryana,India ISBN978-981-16-8479-1 ISBN978-981-16-8480-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8480-7 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SingaporePteLtd.2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Foreword Joseph Story, the ancestor of modern private international law, not only gave that discipline its new name but also situated it, firmly, as a branch of public law, governedbyideasofsovereigntyandresolvedbythatvagueinstrumentofcomity. Public international law eased by mutual deference one might think. And yet, he calledthedisciplineprivateinternationallawforareason:forhim,conflictoflaws could be resolved on the basis of universally understood laws and on genuinely privateconcerns.Savignywentfurtherandestablishedprivateinternationallawas anextensionofprivatelaw,withhardlyanyroleforpublicinternationallaw.Andyet, sovereigntyconcernsandpublicinternationallawremainedstronginotherschools, and the history of private international law has always been one of its relation to publicinternationallawaswell. Since the nineteenth century, relations between private and public international law have been of incessant concern. Is private international law really a subdis- cipline of international law, allocating adjudicatory and legislative competences amongindependentandsovereignstatesandnegotiatingconflictsthroughcomity? Is private international law an extension of domestic (private) law, laying out the outer boundaries of scope, and as such untouched by public international law? Or doesitstand,perhaps,inafruitfultensionwithpublicinternationallaw,atensionof mutualirritationandinspiration,mutualrestrictionandempowerment? Poomintr Sooksripaisarnkit and Dharmita Prasad have brought together an impressivelydiversegroup ofscholarstoaddresssuchquestions whichareoldon theonehandandalwaysinneedofnewanalysisontheother.Itisadelighttosee thesmallnumbersofscholarsfromEuropeandNorthAmericaandthegreatnumber ofscholarsfromjurisdictionsfrequentlyoutsideofthefield’sview:India,Turkey, Malawiandmanyothers.Thewealthofperspectivesisoneofthebook’squalities. Theotheristheemphasisonintersectionalityasamethodologicalperspective:public andprivateareseparateandyetentangled.Theauthorsofthisbookanalyseinmore detailhowseparationandentanglementdevelopedovertime,howtheyplayoutin thepracticeofharmonisedlaw,howtheyoccurinselectedareasoflaw,whattheir futureis. v vi Foreword Someofthethemesinthisbookwillbefamiliartomanyreaderswhowillnonethe- lessbegladtofindthemcompiledastheyarehere.Othersarenewandsurprising, demonstratingforcefullythattheoldtopicremainsrelevant.Othersstillshowways to the future, suggesting that we will continue to think about the relation between publicandprivateinthisarea.Itisapleasuretofindalltheseperspectivestogether in this new book. Story and Savigny must be surprised to find that problems they thought they had overcome are still with us, but they would be pleased to find the richnessofthoughtthattheseproblemsstillbringoutfromscholarsofourtime. October2021 RalfMichaels Director,MaxPlanckInstituteforComparative andInternationalPrivateLaw ChairinGlobalLaw,QueenMaryUniversity London,England Preface Public International Law and Private International Law (or Conflict of Laws) are taughtinmostlawschoolsasseparatesubjects.PublicInternationalLaw,wewere told,dealswiththeconductandtherelationbetweenStatesorbetweenStatesand internationalorganisations.Ontheotherhand,PrivateInternationalLawdealswith private legal relations between citizens or corporations in two different countries, being international contracts, inter-country marriages, international torts, etc. We were told the term “Private International Law” is a misnomer as in reality it is nothing more than a branch of domestic law dealing with cases involving foreign elements.Aspartofnationallaw,sourcesofprivateinternationallawcanbefound in domestic sources depending on the legal system, either in statutes or in case laws or in combination of both. On the other hand, sources of public international law are those listed in Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of Justice, namely international conventions, international customary law, general principles of law recognised by civilised nations, judicial decisions and teachings of highly qualifiedpublicists.Disputesbetweencitizensorcorporationsofdifferentcountries aresettledinatypicalcourtsystem,eitherbyajurisdictionagreementorotherwise, or by other alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, such as arbitration. On the other hand, disputes between States will be resolved through political means and otherdiplomaticchannels,ifnotthroughtheInternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ). Evenso,atraceofhistoryandevolutionofpublicinternationallawandprivate internationallawrevealedtousthattheyindeedoriginatedfromthesamesources. Contemporary practices revealed to us that any clear distinction between them becomesunreal.Agoodexampleisintherealmoftheinternationalsaleofgoods which traditionally falls within the ambit of private international law. A steady increase in the number of Member States to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Vienna, n1980) (“CISG”) is a sign thatmorecountriesareadoptingtheuseofpublicinternationallawmaterials,namely treaties,toharmoniseandsolveprivateinternationallawissues.Indeed,themajor partsoftheworkofinternationalorganisationssuchastheUnitedNationsCommis- siononInternationalTradeLaw(UNCITRAL)ortheHagueConferenceonPrivate vii viii Preface InternationalLaw(HCCH)areaboutsolvingprivateinternationallawissuesviainter- national conventions. On the other hand, in the realm of international investment law which traditionally falls within the public international law space, increasing resorttoinvestmentarbitrationsbythepartieshassincebroughtthisfieldoflawin closerinteractionwithprivateinternationallaw.Atthetimeofworkingonthisbook, theglobalpandemic,namelytheCOVID-19,stillbringchallengestointernational communityandtousall.Differentrestrictionsandpreventivemeasuresadoptedin different countries bring fresh perspectives and issues on both public international lawandprivateinternationallaw. The overall aim of this book, as its title indicates, is to contribute to on-going debateswhetherthereisasufficientmergeorconvergenceofpublicinternationallaw andprivateinternationallawsuchthattreatingthemasseparatesubjectsordisciplines becomesunjustifiable.Thisbookaddstosuchdebatesinfourthemes.Thefirsttheme examines historicaland theoreticalconsiderations of theboundary between public internationallawandprivateinternationallaw.Thesecondthemelookscloseratthe risingtrendofharmonisationofprivateinternationallawbypublicinternationallaw instrumentsandconsistsofevaluationofprocesses,problemsandeffectiveness.In thethirdtheme,somecasestudiesandanalysisofintersectionalitybetweenpublic internationallawandprivateinternationallawarepresented.Finally,thelasttheme focuses on the future trends in relationship between public international law and privateinternationallaw. Inworkingonthisbook,theeditorsareproudthatthisprojectprovidesavenue foremergingscholarsinbothpublicinternationallawandprivateinternationallaw fields to showcase their research, in addition to chapters contributed to by more establishedresearchers.Theeditorsarealsoproudofgeographicalrepresentations in this book with authors based in North America, Asia, Australasia, Europe, etc., whichgivethisbooktrueinternationalflavour. Tothisend,theeditorswouldliketothankSpringerNaturePteLtd.,especially NupoorSingh,whohasbeensupportivethroughouttheprocessofproductionofthis book.Theeditorswouldalsoliketothankourfriendandalsooneofthecontributors inthisbook,Dr.SaiRamaniGarimella,whoconnectedustogether. Launceston,Australia PoomintrSooksripaisarnkit Sonipat,India DharmitaPrasad September2021 Acknowledgements Dr.PoomintrSooksripaisarnkitwouldliketoacknowledgespiritualsupportfromhis father,Mr.ChaipornSooksripaisarnkit,andhismother,Mrs.ApiraSooksripaisarnkit. Hewouldalsoliketoacknowledgeallhisformerstudentsinprivateinternationallaw classattheSchoolofLaw,CityUniversityofHongKong,fortheiractiveparticipation inclassbackthenandfortheirlong-lastingfriendshipuntilnow. Dharmita Prasad would like to acknowledge the support and guidance of her parents, Mr. Dharm Gaj Prasad and Ms. Diksha Verma. She would also like to thank O. P. Jindal Global University, her colleagues and her students for a vibrant intellectualenvironment. ix Contents 1 PublicInternationalLawandPrivateInternationalLaw: SettingSceneofIntersectionality ............................... 1 PoomintrSooksripaisarnkitandDharmitaPrasad PartI PublicInternationalLawandPrivateInternationalLaw: HistoricalandTheoreticalConsiderationsoftheBoundary 2 Private International Law’s Origins as a Branch oftheUniversalLawofNations ................................ 15 MarcoBasile 3 Recognition—AStoryofHowTwoWorldsMeet ................. 31 DulceLopes 4 ForumNonConveniens inAustralia—HowMuchWeight ShouldBeGiventoComity? ................................... 51 PoomintrSooksripaisarnkit PartII HarmonisationofPrivateInternationalLawbyPublic InternationalLawInstruments—EvaluationofProcess, Problems,andEffectiveness 5 InternationalRuleofLawandItsRelationtoHarmonization ..... 69 DharmitaPrasad PartIII Case Studies of Intersectionality Between Public InternationalLawandPrivateInternationalLaw 6 The Missing Link in the Resolution of International InvestmentDisputesAffectingHostStates’CitizensUnder PublicandPrivateInternationalLaw ........................... 87 RichardMikeMlambe xi
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