Bloodstain Pattern Analysis – An Introduction to Crime Scene Reconstruction

405 Pages·2006·15.73 MB·English

Bloodstain Pattern
Analysis
Second Edition
With an Introduction to
Crime Scene Reconstruction
Tom Bevel
Ross M. Gardner
CRC PR ESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
CRC SERIES IN
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL
AND FORENSIC INVESTIGATIONS
VERNON J. GEBERTH, BBA, MPS, FBINA Series Editor
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David E. Zulawski and Douglas E. Wicklander
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bevel, Tom
Bloodstain pattern analysis : with an introduction to crime scene reconstruction / Tom
Bevel, Ross M. Gardner.--2nd ed.
p. cm. -- (CRC series in practical aspects of criminal and forensic investigations)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-0950-6 (alk. paper)
1. Bloodstains. 2. Forensic hematology. 3. Crime scene searches. I. Gardner, Ross M.
II. Title. III. Series.
HV8077.5.B56 2001
363.25¢62--dc21 2001035882
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Library of Congress Card Number 2001035882
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Printed on acid-free paper
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Contents
Foreword
Preface
Editor’s Note
Acknowledgments
The Authors
1
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Its Function
and a Historical Perspective
The Function of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
The Relationship of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
to Crime Scene Reconstruction
Historical Perspective of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence
Early Scientific References
Modern Works in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
Summary
References
2
Crime Scene Analysis and Reconstruction
Correlating Crime Scene Analysis to Behavioral Analysis
Limitations in the Reconstruction of Crime
Application of the Scientific Method in the
Reconstruction Process
A Conceptual Model for Analysis
Collection and the Generalist Attitude
Evaluation
Assessment
Integration
Event Analysis: A Process for Crime Scene Reconstruction
Event Flow Charting: Demonstrating the Result
The Role of Logic in Analysis
Expectations and Predictions
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Impact of Dynamic Events on Reconstruction
Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning
Informal Fallacies Encountered in Analysis
Putting the Pieces Together
References
3
Terminology
Referring to the Discipline
General Terms Relating to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
Grouping Stains
Angle of Impact
Arterial Gushing and Spurts
Atomized Blood/Misting
Spatter
Clot
Capillary Action
Cast-Off Stains
Directionality
Directional Angle
Drawback/Blowback Effect
Drip Patterns
Expiratory Blood
Fly Spots
Flight Path
Impact Site
Origin/Point of Origin/Area of Origin
Parent Stain
Projected Blood
Ricochet Stain
Satellite Spatter
Shadowing/Ghosting/Void
Skeletonized Stain/Skeletonization
Spines
Splash
Passive Flow
Pattern Transfer
Saturation Stain
Swipe
Wipe
Velocity Impact Patterns
Low-Velocity Stains
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Medium-Velocity Impact Spatter
High-Velocity Impact Spatter
Summary
References
4
Understanding the Medium of Blood
General Properties of Blood
Blood Make-Up
The Body’s Response to Breaching of the Circulatory System
Circulatory System Considerations
Reaction of Liquid Blood to Force
Droplet Dynamics in Flight
Droplet Dynamics on Impact
Contact/Collapse
Displacement
Dispersion
Retraction
Liquid-to-Liquid Impacts
Stain Shape and Impact Angle Relationship
Summary
References
5
Determining Motion and Directionality
General Sequence of Events
Droplet Directionality
Recognizing Blood Trail Motion
Determining Motion from Wipes and Swipes
Repetitive Pattern Transfers
Flows
Summary
Reference
6
Determining the Point of Convergence
and the Point of Origin
Determining Point of Convergence from Overhead
Determining Impact Angles
Stain Measurement
Determining Point of Origin Using Both Side
and Overhead Views
Graphing Points of Origin
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Defining Point of Origin with the Tangent Function
Limitations in Point of Origin Evaluations
Three-Dimensional Evaluations of Point of Origin
Stringing Scenes
Forensic Software Applications
Automation Efficiency or Precision
— An Important Distinction
Summary
References
7
Evaluating Impact Spatter Bloodstains
Methods of Description
Understanding the Concept of Preponderant Stain Size
Distinguishing Spatter from Contact Stains
Impact Droplet Size
Pattern Configuration and Dispersion in Impacts
Spatter Resulting from Gunshots
Gunshot Spatter — Forward Spatter and Back Spatter
Size Ranges of Gunshot Spatter
Kinetic Energy, Wound Cavitation, and the Creation
of Gunshot Spatter
Gunshot Pattern Shapes and Dispersion
Expiratory Blood
Fly Spots
Summary
References
8
Characteristic Blood Patterns That Aid
in Analysis
Cast-Off Stains
Pattern Transfers
Projected Blood
Flow Patterns
Voids and Ghosting Patterns
Pools and Standing Blood
Blood Dripping into Blood
Patterns on Clothing and Fabric
Summary
References
0950/frame/fm Page ix Monday, August 13, 2001 10:41 AM
9
Documenting Bloodstains
The Function of Documentation
Collection
Detection of Blood
Presumptive Tests
Enhancement Techniques
Bloodstain Pattern Photography
Scene and Pattern Sketches
Written Reports
Summary
References
10
Documenting the Reconstruction of a Crime
The Reconstruction Report
Event Analysis in Outline Format
Statement Comparison to Event Analysis
Event Analysis in Narrative Format
Guidelines for Maintaining Objectivity
during Case-Specific Experiments
Re-creating Human Anatomy
Re-creating Event Particulars
Pitfalls to Re-creation/Reconstruction Attempts
Case Examples
Case Experimentation Example #1
Case Experimentation Example #2
Summary
Reference
11
Automation Applications in Bloodstain
Pattern Analysis and Crime Scene
Reconstruction
Automation Usage Considerations
Types of Applications
Tutorial Applications
Simulation and Computer-Aided Analysis Applications
Illustration Applications
Court Acceptance
Building Demonstrative Presentations
Using Computer Resources
Summary