Blockchain Technology For Industry 4.0: Secure, Decentralized, Distributed And Trusted Industry Environment

169 Pages·2020·5.111 MB·English

by  Rodrigo da Rosa Righi, Antonio Marcos Alberti, Madhusudan Singh

Blockchain Technologies
Rodrigo da Rosa Righi
Antonio Marcos Alberti
Madhusudan Singh Editors
Blockchain
Technology for
Industry 4.0
Secure, Decentralized, Distributed
and Trusted Industry Environment
Blockchain Technologies
Series Editors
Dhananjay Singh, Department of Electronics Engineering, Hankuk University of
Foreign Studies, Yongin-si, Korea (Republic of)
Jong-Hoon Kim, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
Madhusudan Singh, Endicott College of International Studies, Woosong
University, Daejeon, Korea (Republic of)
This book series aims to provide details of blockchain implementation in technology and
interdisciplinaryfieldssuchasMedicalScience,AppliedMathematics,EnvironmentalScience,
BusinessManagement,andComputerScience.Itcoversanin-depthknowledgeofblockchain
technologyforadvanceandemergingfuturetechnologies.ItfocusesontheMagnitude:scope,
scale&frequency,Risk:security,reliabilitytrust,andaccuracy,Time:latency&timelines,
utilization and implementation details of blockchain technologies. While Bitcoin and
cryptocurrencymighthavebeenthefirstwidelyknownuses ofblockchaintechnology,but
today,ithasfarmanyapplications.Infact,blockchainisrevolutionizingalmosteveryindustry.
Blockchainhasemergedasadisruptivetechnology,whichhasnotonlylaidthefoundationfor
allcrypto-currencies,butalsoprovidesbeneficialsolutionsinotherfieldsoftechnologies.The
features of blockchain technology include decentralized and distributed secure ledgers,
recording transactions across a peer-to-peer network, creating the potential to remove
unintendederrorsbyprovidingtransparencyaswellasaccountability.Thiscouldaffectnotonly
thefinancetechnology(crypto-currencies)sector,butalsootherfieldssuchas:
Crypto-economics Blockchain
Enterprise Blockchain
Blockchain TravelIndustry
Embedded PrivacyBlockchain
Blockchain Industry 4.0
Blockchain Smart Cities,
Blockchain Futuretechnologies,
Blockchain Fakenews Detection,
Blockchain Technology andIt’s FutureApplications
Implications ofBlockchain technology
Blockchain Privacy
Blockchain MiningandUse cases
Blockchain Network Applications
Blockchain Smart Contract
Blockchain Architecture
Blockchain Business Models
Blockchain Consensus
Bitcoin andCryptocurrencies, andrelated fields
Theinitiativesinwhichthetechnologyisusedtodistributeandtracethecommunicationstart
point, provide and manage privacy, and create trustworthy environment, are just a few
examples of the utility of blockchain technology, which also highlight the risks, such as
privacyprotection.Opinionontheutilityofblockchaintechnologyhasamixedconception.
Someareenthusiastic;othersbelievethatitismerelyhyped.Blockchainhasalsoenteredthe
sphereofhumanitariananddevelopmentaidse.g.supplychainmanagement,digitalidentity,
smartcontractsandmanymore.Thisbookseriesprovidesclearconceptsandapplicationsof
Blockchain technology and invites experts from research centers, academia, industry and
government to contribute toit.
Ifyouareinterestedincontributingtothisseries,[email protected]
[email protected]
More information about thisseries athttp://www.springer.com/series/16276
Rodrigo da Rosa Righi
(cid:129)
Antonio Marcos Alberti
(cid:129)
Madhusudan Singh
Editors
Blockchain Technology
for Industry 4.0
Secure, Decentralized, Distributed
and Trusted Industry Environment
123
Editors
RodrigodaRosa Righi AntonioMarcos Alberti
Universidade doValedoRiodos Sinos ICT Lab
SaoLeopoldo,Brazil Information andCommunications
Technologies (Inatel)
MadhusudanSingh SantaRitadoSapucai,MinasGerais,Brazil
Endicott Collegeof International Studies
WoosongUniversity
Daejeon,Korea (Republic of)
ISSN 2661-8338 ISSN 2661-8346 (electronic)
Blockchain Technologies
ISBN978-981-15-1136-3 ISBN978-981-15-1137-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1137-0
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2020
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart
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Contents
History of Industrial Revolutions: From Homo Sapiens Hunters
to Bitcoin Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Hasan Tinmaz
Blockchain and Industry 4.0: Overview, Convergence,
and Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Thiago Bueno da Silva, Everton Silva de Morais,
Luiz Felipe Fernandes de Almeida, Rodrigo da Rosa Righi
and Antonio Marcos Alberti
Blockchain Technology for Data Management in Industry 4.0. . . . . . . . 59
Madhusudan Singh
Secure Smart Contract Generation Based on Petri Nets . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Nejc Zupan, Prabhakaran Kasinathan, Jorge Cuellar and Markus Sauer
Blockchain for Machine to Machine Interaction in Industry 4.0 . . . . . . 99
Célio Márcio Soares Ferreira, Ricardo Augusto Rabelo Oliveira,
Jorge Sá Silva and Carlos Frederico Marcelo da Cunha Cavalcanti
Blockchain-Based Crowdfunding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Hasnan Baber
Engineering 4.0: Future with Disruptive Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Pooja Khanna and Sachin Kumar
The Opportunities of Blockchain in Health 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Prateeti Mukherjee and Dhananjay Singh
v
History of Industrial Revolutions: From
Homo Sapiens Hunters to Bitcoin
Hunters
HasanTinmaz
Abstract Homosapienshave become theleadingforceoftheearthbytheirabil-
ity of transformations. Initial hunter-gatherers transformed to agriculture-oriented
smallgroupswhichfinallyledtoearlyofcivilizations.Civilizationsproducedmore
complexsocialhumanlivesintheformsofcitiesandstates.Indistinctgeographical
areas,humansdiscoverednewtoolsandmethodstomaketheirlivesbetter.Inthat
searchfor“effectiveness”,humanstendedtospendless(force,moneyortime)but
achievemore.Attheendofthousandyearsofthistendency,18thcenturybecame
thewitnessofearlyindustrialrevolutionefforts.Itwasdefinedasarevolutiondueto
itsgame-breakerordisruptivenature.Besides,itwasassociatedwiththetermindus-
try, since the source of power shifted from humans to different tools or machines.
Fromthattimetothecurrentdate,manyscholarsdividethattimelineintofourtime-
zonesbyconsideringthemostdisruptivetechnologyofthetime.Inthatmanner,the
first industrial revolution has linked to steam engines (using the power of water).
Thesecondrevolutionhasassociatedtotheelectricityforassemblylinesandmass
production.Thethirdrevolutionhasbeenconnectedtocomputertechnologiesform-
ing automation and lastly the fourth industrial revolution has been named with its
capacity for cyber-physical system development with the application of advanced
technologies.Inthosefourrevolutions,wecanrealizetwoessentialpoints;thelatter
revolutionhasbeenstemmingfromtheadvancementsinformerrevolutionandthe
totaltimeofrevolutionhasbecomingshorter.Therefore,itisclearthattheeffectsof
Industry4.0revolutionwillbewidespreadinpublicverysoon.Amongalltheother
highleveltechnologies,blockchaintechnologywhichcouldbeperceivedasoneof
the most complicated and ultimate level of Industry 4.0 implementations could be
listedasthelastbutnottheleasthistoricaladvancementsforhumanbeings.
B
H.Tinmaz( )
TechnologyStudies—EndicottCollegeofInternationalStudies,WoosongUniversity,Daejeon,
SouthKorea
e-mail:[email protected]
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2020 1
R.daRosaRighietal.(eds.),BlockchainTechnologyforIndustry4.0,
BlockchainTechnologies,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1137-0_1
2 H.Tinmaz
1 Introduction
Humanhistoryhasbeenwritteninmanydifferentways;civilizations’history,reli-
gions’history,financehistoryandsoforth.Whilewritingaboutthesehistories,they
havebeeneitherfinalizedorkeptstableforalongtime.Ontheotherhand,writing
abouttechnologyrelatedhistoriesisverychallenging,sincethetechnologychanges
more rapidly than our expectations. Moreover, the technology history of humans
has not been experienced the same way in different parts of the planet. As some
countriesareworkingonspaceshipsprojects,someothercountriesaredealingwith
betterwaterlineorelectricityprojects.
Inordertounderstandthatdigitallydividedsituation,theauthorbelievesthatwe
needtovisittheearlyhistoryofhuman-beings.Althoughdifferentsourcespointout
differenttimelinesforthefirsthomo-sapiensonearth,recentdiscoveriesbyfamous
archeologists Peter Benedict and Halet Çambel in 1963 unfolded a new Neolithic
period settlement in modern day of Turkey; ‘Gobekli Tepe’ which is dated back
between 12000 and 10000 BC (Fig. 1a). As a center of human gathering, Gobekli
Tepehaschangedthehistoryofhumancivilizations(Fig.1b)[4].
Initialhomo-sapienswerehavingsurvivalchallengessuchasfindingfood,shel-
terorprotection.Bydevelopingtheirfirstsocialandcommunicationskills,homo-
sapiens were altered from individuals than to groups. These new groups of homo-
sapienswerehunter-gatherers.Initialsuccessofgroupdynamicsguidedthesehunter-
gathererswasfollowedbythedevelopmentofagriculturalcenters(theywereneither
villagesnorcitiesinmodernterms).Themoretheyexperiencedagriculture,themore
theylearnedaboutdevelopmentofnewtoolsforeachstepoffarming.Inthatsense,
thesetoolscouldbenamedastheveryfirsttechnologicaladvancements inhuman
history. By having more food and safety, humans initiated their first civilizations
aroundbiggergroups[14].
Fig.1 aGobekliTepecomplex,bonepillarinGobekliTepe
HistoryofIndustrialRevolutions… 3
Theabilityoffeedingmorepeopleandprovidingmorefoodtriggeredanincrease
inthecapacityoflaborforce.Thatworkinggroupsconstructedbiggerlivingcenters
where we can call cities in today’s terms [34]. These cities were not only bigger
inpopulation, butalsobigger intheopportunities/services provided. For example,
first schooling started in cities or a wealthier job opportunity in the state or city
administration was appeared in that cities. As a result, more people moved from
ruralareastourbanareas.
Thatshifttowardurbanareashasstillbeencontinuingforcenturiesandunfolding
severalovertorcovertoutcomesforhumans.Firstofall,theincreaseinlaborforce
forcitieshasbeenpushingpeopletokickofffirstindustrialattempts.Itmaynotbe
veryplausibletocalltheseattemptsasfactories,butthereatleastexistsofgroupof
peopleproducingsimilarmaterialsortools.Besides,thecitieshavebeendemanding
morefoodtoofferthesenewlaborforces.Totally,anincreaseincapitalformation
andexchangehasbeenformedaroundcities.Thatfinancialcapitalhasfinallyturned
outtobeinvestmentsindifferentindustries.
Asaresult,humanitymetwithindustrialrevolutionsstartingfrommid18thcen-
tury.Industrialrevolutionsprimarilyalteredmusclebasedproductiontomechanical
powerwhichwasfollowedbyaugmentedcognitivepowerinproduction[34].
Lastbutnotleast,wecanconcludethatwithoutfinalizationofagriculturalrevolu-
tionsettlement,itwouldbehighlychallengingtofullyachieveindustrialrevolutions.
Thatcouldbeseenhowcertaincountrieshavebeenexperiencingdifferenttimelines
onindustrialrevolutions.
2 IndustrialRevolutionsatGlance
Understanding industrial revolution cannot be separated from centralization of the
technologyasaconcept.Hence,industrialrevolutioncanalsobedefinedasindustrial
utilizationofdifferenttechnologies.Theindustrialrevolutionshaveshapedtheway
welivetoday.‘IndustrialRevolution’asaconceptcouldbedefinedinvariousdiffer-
entways.AccordingBritannicaEncyclopedia[5],theterm“IndustrialRevolution”
was named by Arnold Toynbee (1852–1883) referring to the economical progress
inBritainfrom1760to1840.AccordingtoTomory[42],industrialrevolutionasa
conceptindicateseconomicalchangesinEnglandasaresultoftechnologicalinno-
vationfrom1760to1830.Essentially,itcharacterizesanenormouschangeinhow
humans perform their manufacturing, business or any other industrial actions. In
another way of depiction, industrial revolution could be perceived as a significant
shiftinproducingthingsmanuallytofactorysituatedserialproduction.
Understandingindustrialrevolutionsrequiresanotherclarificationon‘evolution’
versus‘revolution’terms.Evolutionalsoreferstochange,yetithappensgraduallyas
aprocess.Hence,whenananalogdial-upphonechangestoadigitaldigital-upphone,
it is an evolutionary change from one phase to another phase. On the other hand,
whenthesephoneschangemobile/smartphones,thechangeisradicalandaffectsthe
fundamentalsofphonetechnologies.Inthatsense,mobilephonetechnologycould
4 H.Tinmaz
belabeledasarevolution.Hence,arevolutionrepresentsan“…abruptandradical
change”[34].In2019,Samsungauthoritiesaredemonstratingnewfoldablephones
whichcouldbemarkedasevolutionaryapproachtophonetechnologies.Lastbutnot
least,itisclearthatrevolutionsarefollowedbyseveraladditionalevolutions.
Fromthesocialpartofhumanhistory,industrialrevolutionshavealteredinnate
traditionalandhierarchicalsocialstructureofnations.Althoughthereisnoconsensus
abouttheunderlyingreasonsofthesechanges,itisclearthatpeoplestartedtoquestion
theirsocialrolesandpositionsastheywerebecomingfinanciallymoreindependent.
French Revolution of 1789, which was also listed as one of the triggers toward
industrial revolution, remarked as another contributor to that change as well [13].
Possible overt outcomes of these changes could be listed as; the shift from lower
incomeclasstomiddleincomeclasslevelformorepeople,theincreaseintheaverage
lifespan(whichwasevenloweredto38inBritishcities),theeducationalendeavors
overcomingthenewjobs’requiredskillsandabilitiesanddemocratization(including
laborunionsandemployeerightsagreements).
By considering the industrial changes from past to the present, it is possible to
delineateindustryrevolutionsinfourphases;
(cid:129) Industry1.0astheinitialattemptstowardmechanizationsupportedbythesteam
enginesofwaterpower,
(cid:129) Industry 2.0 as the period of electricity guided, assembly line supported mass
production,
(cid:129) Industry 3.0 as the stage of computer technologies leading effective automated
systems,
(cid:129) andlastly,Industry4.0ascurrentphaseofindustrialrevolutionswhichisassociated
tocyberphysicalsystems.
Fromsteamenginestoadvanceddigitalproductions,theseindustrialrevolutionshave
disseminateddrasticchangesindifferentprocessesandproceduresofmanufacturing
systems[7].
Before we move forward to scrutinize each industrial revolution separately, it
isimportanttoremind thatthereisnosharpcutting edge between thoseindustrial
revolutions. Therefore other than thinking a linear developmental phases of these
industrial revolutions, it is better to perceive them in a spiral or curve-linear time-
line(similarapproachtoHarari[14]explainingthehistoryofhumankind)(Fig.2).
Besides,notallthecountriesoralltheworldcitizensareexperiencingtheeffectsof
industrialrevolutionstogether.WhilesomecountriesgivetheimpressionofIndustry
2.0endeavors,someothercountriesdiscussaboutadvancedstagesofIndustry4.0
infusiontodifferentsectors.
3 Industry1.0—theMechanicalPeriod
As a consensus, first industrial revolution has been believed to start in England
anddisseminatedtoEuropecontinentandthentherestoftheworld.AfterBritain,