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Abdelaziz Bouras · Ibrahim Khalil Belaid Aouni Editors Blockchain Driven Supply Chains and Enterprise Information Systems Blockchain Driven Supply Chains and Enterprise Information Systems Abdelaziz Bouras • Ibrahim Khalil (cid:129) Belaid Aouni Editors Blockchain Driven Supply Chains and Enterprise Information Systems Editors AbdelazizBouras IbrahimKhalil CollegeofEngineering SchoolofComputingTechnologies QatarUniversity RMITUniversity Doha,Qatar Melbourne,VIC,Australia BelaidAouni CollegeofBusiness&Economics QatarUniversity Doha,Qatar ISBN978-3-030-96153-4 ISBN978-3-030-96154-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96154-1 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland AG2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword Industrial modern supply chains are becoming very complex. Mastering their managementisakeysuccessfactorforcompaniesandenterpriseswishingtogrow andincreasetheirgains. We totally understand the huge potential impact that disruptive technologies such as fintech, artificial intelligence, and blockchain have on current and future supplychains.Thesetechnologiesaredemonstratingtheabilitytoincreasebusiness performance,byhelpingtooptimizegrowth,toestablishtrustandtransparencyin thebusinessandinthefinancialtransactions,aswellastobettersecureinformation anditsinfrastructure. AtQatarRail,wearecurrentlycloselyfollowingsuchprogressthroughcollab- orationswithresearchinstitutionsandresearchprojects,suchastheSupplyLedger projectwhichaimsatenhancingtraditionalsupplychainsusingdigitaltechnologies. This book provides opportunities to industries and organizations to explore the benefit of blockchain technology for their business innovations and supply chains transparency. I thank the authors and editors for their efforts in bridging the gap between researchandindustryapplications. Doha,Qatar H.E.Dr.AbdullaAbdulazizTurkiAlSubaie ManagingDirector&CEO/QatarRail v Preface This book, titled Blockchain Driven Supply Chains and Enterprise Information Systems, aims at establishing a common ground to provide solutions and best practices around blockchain for supply chain management and enterprise infor- mation systems. This book considers the implementation of blockchain platforms inbothexistingtraditionalsupplychainsystemsandfutureenterpriseinformation solutions. The book has 11 chapters related to important blockchain topics, addressing someofthecurrentneeds: The first chapter provides a scientific analysis of key factors that affect the influence of the blockchain on supply chains performance. The analysis was performed using SPSS and AMOS and the study relied on literature review and surveys of Indian firms. The study is valuable for the industry as it helps decision makers assess the current standing of blockchain and assists them in making the decision for the technology adoption. The chapter proposes a research model based on literature review and surveys to identify critical determinants, namely knowledge sharing, higher authority support, and business partner pressure, to be consideredwhenadoptingblockchaintechnologytobetterincreasethesupplychain performance. The second chapter discusses the role of blockchain in establishing trust in traditional supply chain systems. This trust is analyzed based on a case study involvingthefinanceprocessofsupplychain.Itfocusesonanimportantdiscussion on the notion of trust, though globally there is still lack of consensus on what constitutes trust, and there is no generally widely accepted definition. However, someattemptshavebeenmadeinotherdomains,suchastheworkdonebytheNIST grouparoundastandardizeddefinitionof“trustworthiness”asoneofthefacetsof theCPS(cyber-physicalsystems). Thethirdchapterproposesablockchain-powereddigitalcertificatemanagement systemforsupplychainsystemsinthecontextoftransportationofdangerousgoods. Thechaptersuggestsablockchain-baseddigitalcertificateplatformtomonitorthe transport of dangerous goods as a supply chain process in terms of verification of stakeholders’ identity, history of transportation, environmental data, and real- vii viii Preface time location. It focuses on the use of Hyperledger Fabric blockchain network to implement the proof of concept which ensures digital management of transport of dangerousgoods. The fourth chapter presents the challenges of global supply chain systems from the perspective of centralized design. A blockchain-enabled ERP system is presentedtomitigatetheissuesinthecentralizedglobalsupplychain.Thischapter deals with centralized and decentralized supply chains. It proposes a taxonomic analysisofchallengesandhighlightssomesolutiontracksbasedonappropriateuse oftechnology. Thefifthchapterseekstoshowthepertinenceofadoptingblockchaintechnology intextilesupplychainandthebenefitsofsuchtechnologyintermoftraceabilityand temperproofing.Itproposesablockchain-basedsolutiontoenhancetraceabilityand informationsharinginthetextilesupplychain. ThesixthchapterdealswithIoT-drivenfoodsupplychainmanagementsystems, taking advantage of blockchain to improve traceability, transparency, and trust- worthiness of the transactions. A complete step-by-step operational flow detailing agri-food supply chain management process would help readers understand how traceabilityisachievedandhowthesystemsavestremendouslywithcost-effective measures.Theproposedarchitecturehighlightstraceability,andsoftwarearchitec- turedetailshowthearchitecturecanberealizedinpractice.Theproposedconcept, thatis,fromfarmtofork,wasimplementedinEthereumandHyperledgerSawtooth. The seventh chapter highlights the most known consensus algorithms–based blockchains and their application in the healthcare sector, such as proof of work, proof of stake, and proof of authority. The main objective of this chapter is to illustrate applications and implications of several consensus mechanisms in blockchain-basedhealthcaresupplychainsystems. The eighth chapter shows how blockchain can help improve the authenticity and transparency of supply chain transactions in the automotive industry. It has identified the weakness of the existing supply chain system in the automotive industry and explained the challenges of adoption and deployment of blockchain in this area. It gives a great insight to managers and blockchain practitioners on howtoovercomethedifficultiesthattheywillencounterduringimplementationof blockchaintechnology. The ninth chapter presents a new consensus mechanism for blockchain-based supplychainmanagementsystemstoprovidesolutionstodatasecurityandestablish trustamongdifferentsupplychainparticipants.Theproposedconsensusmechanism offers a less complicated implementation of the distributed ledger and ensures higherefficiencyandscalabilityforachievingconsensus.Itisdesignedconsidering aconsortiumblockchainnetworkinvolvingallsupplychainstakeholders. The tenth chapter focuses on blockchain technology and its features, such as distributed ledger and smart contracts from a regulation point of view. It defines thecurrentregulatorylandscapeandinternationalinitiatives.Thechapterhighlights some applications of the blockchain technology through regulation perspective in thefinance,healthcare,logistics,andconstructionsectors.Itemphasizessomechal- Preface ix lengesfacedbyblockchaintechnologyandcomesupwithsomerecommendations totacklethosechallenges. The eleventh chapter presents a broker-based integration of blockchain smart contracts with industrial workflows. It uses Hyperledger Fabric as a permissioned blockchainplatformtostorethetransactiondataandmanagethelifecycleofsmart contracts. It uses as well Odoo which is an open-source framework written in Python. The chapter proposes a proof-of-concept integration with a scenario of a small-scale manufacturing supply chain involving a limited number of actors and demonstrates that the Odoo workflows can easily be adapted to be fully managed using smart contracts. Thus, increasing the security and enhancing the traceability andtrustofcriticalbusinesstransactions. Wewouldliketothanktheauthorsfortheirvaluedcontributionsandeffortsand the reviewers for their help and support in achieving this book. We hope that this bookservesasastepforwardinthisexcitingareaofblockchainsforindustryand businesses. Doha,Qatar AbdelazizBouras Melbourne,VIC,Australia IbrahimKhalil Doha,Qatar BelaidAouni Acknowledgments This book was made possible by NPRP grant NPRP11S-1227-170135 from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The statements madehereinaresolelytheresponsibilityoftheauthors. xi About the Book Thisbookprovidesseveralinternationalcasestudiesacrossdifferentdomainssuch ashealthcare,agri-food,logistics,andtransportation.Thosecasestudiesaremainly related to the implementation of blockchain platforms on modern systems and the integration of such technology with existing traditional systems. The book highlights as well subjects and concerns such as efficiency of blockchain-based supply chains, blockchain consensus protocols and mechanisms, and blockchain basedenterpriseinformationsystems.Itconcludeswithsomedirectionsandrecom- mendations with regards to the adoption of standardized blockchain frameworks. Theeditors’andauthors’expertiseacrossdifferentcontextsandcountrieshasmade this book a worthy contribution to both theory and practice. Through its solutions and best practices, this book constitutes an interesting source for practitioners and studentsinterestedinthedomainofblockchainforsupplychainsmanagementand enterpriseinformationsystems. xiii

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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.