Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, and the Internet of Things: Possibilities and Opportunities (EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing)

218 Pages·2021·6.92 MB·English

by  Pethuru Raj (editor), Ashutosh Kumar Dubey (editor), Abhishek Kumar (editor), Pramod Singh Rathore (editor)

EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing
Pethuru Raj
Ashutosh Kumar Dubey
Abhishek Kumar
Pramod Singh Rathore   Editors
Blockchain,
Artificial
Intelligence,
and the Internet
of Things
Possibilities and Opportunities
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication
and Computing
Series editor
Imrich Chlamtac, European Alliance for Innovation, Ghent, Belgium
The impact of information technologies is creating a new world yet not fully
understood. The extent and speed of economic, life style and social changes already
perceived in everyday life is hard to estimate without understanding the technological
driving forces behind it. This series presents contributed volumes featuring the
latest research and development in the various information engineering technologies
that play a key role in this process.
The range of topics, focusing primarily on communications and computing
engineering include, but are not limited to, wireless networks; mobile communication;
design and learning; gaming; interaction; e-health and pervasive healthcare; energy
management; smart grids; internet of things; cognitive radio networks; computation;
cloud computing; ubiquitous connectivity, and in mode general smart living, smart
cities, Internet of Things and more. The series publishes a combination of expanded
papers selected from hosted and sponsored European Alliance for Innovation (EAI)
conferences that present cutting edge, global research as well as provide new
perspectives on traditional related engineering fields. This content, complemented
with open calls for contribution of book titles and individual chapters, together
maintain Springer’s and EAI’s high standards of academic excellence. The audience
for the books consists of researchers, industry professionals, advanced level students
as well as practitioners in related fields of activity include information and
communication specialists, security experts, economists, urban planners, doctors,
and in general representatives in all those walks of life affected ad contributing to
the information revolution.
Indexing: This series is indexed in Scopus, Ei Compendex, and zbMATH.
About EAI
EAI is a grassroots member organization initiated through cooperation between
businesses, public, private and government organizations to address the global
challenges of Europe’s future competitiveness and link the European Research
community with its counterparts around the globe. EAI reaches out to hundreds of
thousands of individual subscribers on all continents and collaborates with an
institutional member base including Fortune 500 companies, government
organizations, and educational institutions, provide a free research and innovation
platform.
Through its open free membership model EAI promotes a new research and
innovation culture based on collaboration, connectivity and recognition of excellence
by community.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15427
Pethuru Raj • Ashutosh Kumar Dubey
Abhishek Kumar • Pramod Singh Rathore
Editors
Blockchain, Artificial
Intelligence, and the Internet
of Things
Possibilities and Opportunities
Editors
Pethuru Raj Ashutosh Kumar Dubey
Site Reliability Engineering Division Institute of Engineering and Technology
Avana Building Chitkara University
Reliance Jio Information Rajpura, Punjab, India
communication Ltd.
Bangalore, Karnataka, India Pramod Singh Rathore
Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University
Abhishek Kumar Ajmer, India
Chitkara University
Rajpura, Punjab, India
ISSN 2522-8595 ISSN 2522-8609 (electronic)
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing
ISBN 978-3-030-77636-7 ISBN 978-3-030-77637-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77637-4
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Preface
The cool convergence of artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT),
and blockchain technologies is being seen as a paradigm shift for global businesses,
IT organizations, service providers, governments, and common people also in artis-
tically enabling real digital transformation. These path-breaking technologies have
laid down a stimulating foundation for visualizing and realizing a myriad of break-
through business workloads and IT services. Individually and collectively, these
have gained an inherent power to create a greater impact on the human society. In
short, the technological evolutions and revolutions are making deeper and decisive
implications towards knowledge society.
The IoT paradigm has led to the grand realization of scores of digitized entities
and connected devices, which, in turn, come handy in producing and sustaining
connected environments such as connected, homes, hotels, and hospitals. AI has the
wherewithal to meticulously process all sorts of IoT data to extract actionable
insights in time. The knowledge discovery and dissemination get automated and
accelerated through the smart leverage of AI algorithms, frameworks, platforms,
accelerators, and libraries. Precisely speaking, AI has garnered the much-needed
strength to augment the brewing idea of data-driven insights and insights-driven
decisions and actions for all. AI is to replicate the widely celebrated human intelli-
gence into everyday devices (industry machineries, defense equipment, medical
instruments, kitchen utilities and ware, information appliances, portables, implant-
able, handhelds, wearables, and nomadic and fixed systems). Such an AI-inspired
empowerment leads to the realization of intelligent systems, applications, networks,
services, and environments in and around us. The IoT-induced connected entities
into smarter systems.
Finally, the recent emergence of blockchain technology has brought in a number
of innovations and disruptions. The aspect of digital transformation is being simpli-
fied and speeded up with the unique contributions of blockchain. The blockchain
paradigm has established a sparkling platform for envisaging newer possibilities
and opportunities. As discussed above, the IoT phenomenon has penetrated into
every domain these days. However, there are a few critical challenges and concerns
being associated with the flourishing IoT idea. Especially the security of IoT devices
v
vi Preface
and data and the scalability of IoT systems are being presented as the most abhor-
rent limitations. Blockchain is being seen as a silver bullet in surmounting these
critical issues once for all. On the other hand, there are a few noteworthy limitations
of blockchain systems. These widely reported issues are being ingeniously solved
through AI-induced automated data analytics. Thus, each technology is supple-
menting each other in bringing forth highly sophisticated applications and state-of-
the-art services not only for enterprises but also for commoners.
This book is primarily planned and prepared with the sole aim of conveying and
clarifying the nitty-gritty of these futuristic and flexible technologies in building,
deploying, and delivering digital life applications. Researchers in academic institu-
tions and IT companies are striving hard in pinpointing the drawbacks of each of
these technologies and they articulate and accentuate how they can be overcome
through the fusion of these technologies. The chapters are well developed and incor-
porated, and provide a lot of detail so that our esteemed readers get a good grasp of
the technologies and their strategic contributions.
This book is organized into ten chapters.
Chapter 1 discusses the latest trends in blockchain technology and its applica-
tions, and focuses on certain features of this disruptive technology which can trans-
form traditional business practices in the near future. There are many researchers
working on this field for more than 10 years and published their articles in highly
reputed journals. Also, many reports and white papers are available. Therefore, a
systematic collection of those articles and presenting a review of those literatures is
highly useful for upcoming researchers. In this chapter, a detailed classification of
blockchain-based applications from different domains such as land registration,
healthcare, IoT, security, and latest areas for research is presented.
Chapter 2 tries to show that the traffic analysis module uses already provided
surveillance cameras to analyze the parameters by using artificial intelligence and
optical character recognition through CCTV cameras. Each lane on the road is dis-
tinguished into three or more segments according to the scenario. These lines are
used to determine the traffic density. Whenever vehicles hide a part of the line in a
lane, we can estimate the Traffic density concerning time, where the camera frames
correspond to time. In this manner, we can generate real-time traffic data and imple-
ment a time sequence for the signal to clear off the traffic. The scope can be further
widened by using this system together with INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS. The module is set so that it will be trained to get data from processed
datasets. The advanced structure provides an embedding of a GPS module in a vehi-
cle which will be able to identify emergency vehicles and can also minimize vehicle
theft. The module with the GPS sensor makes a good accurate score on the predic-
tion. For the implementation of this system, video feed from the CCTV cameras is
used to detect the amount of traffic density in each lane using OpenCV.
Chapter 3 explains metrics to assess the performance in the use of project man-
agement methodologies, and the first results on a small number of use cases. From
bibliographic sources, a set of new metrics are defined to include those evaluations
that up to now are subjective or non-existent. As part of the scope are a detailed
presentation of some of the metrics and their application to a case study, along with
Preface vii
some statistics. The applicability of the proposal to real cases is also analyzed. The
metrics details, their complete listing and the functional prototype are not discussed
in this chapter.
Chapter 4 – This chapter has explained about the Bitcoin digital money.
Blockchain is expected to be expanded to a broad spectrum of financial applications
as well as to other industries, such as delivery and shared economies. This larger
deployment calls for a range of technical challenges to be tackled through the cloud-
ing of data privacy protections and improved processing speed, and the Fujitsu
Laboratory is working on several related R&D projects. This research outlines
blockchain technologies and sample applications, describes encryption technology
in the business sense, and examines Fujitsu’s communications activities.
Chapter 5 deals with the concept that it is difficult to guarantee zero downtime
even if the backhaul network is optimally deployed. An automated system that
could predict the downtime and take suitable steps to ensure high availability (HA)
of resources could protect businesses from losing data at a critical time. Such an
automated model is put forward as it would guarantee zero downtime deployment
without comprising the security of end devices. The emphasis is on designing an
effective solution by improvising the current strategies for this deployment chal-
lenge. The proposed architecture is evaluated through numerous tests and by visu-
alization of the results obtained; one can mitigate the planned and unplanned
downtime to ensure continuous operational efficiency of services for businesses.
Chapter 6 explains strategies that can be used to efficiently include cloud storage
with protection, confidentiality, and privacy. Privacy and power aspects play a sig-
nificant role in the transferring of information through IoT due to restricted inter-
connected systems power and processing, i.e., processing and storage resources.
Whether fraudulent or unintentional, there are possible real-world effects of data
intrusion in an IoT system. This chapter has discussed the potential to combine
blockchain technology and software defined networking (SDN) to alleviate some of
the problems. Particularly, using cluster architecture with a modern routing proto-
col, we suggest a stable and energy-saving blockchain-enabled SDN architecture
for IoT. The experimental results suggest that the cluster structure–based routing
and packet-oriented routing have lower latency and power consumption and are
more robust than the above routing protocols. The cluster structure–based routing
protocol has improved performance than other routing protocols with respect to
performance, power savings, and robustness.
Chapter 7 discusses the concept of client server model for healthcare. The per-
sonal health record and electronic health record play a vital part in helping patients
and healthcare providers recover data more efficiently. However, it is difficult to
achieve a cohesive understanding of health information that is spread through mul-
tiple healthcare professionals. Health reports are typically distributed in various
locations in particular and are not synchronized. Electronic health records (EHRs)
have developed a common way to preserve and track facts in healthcare for patients.
EHR is securely housed through using client-server model whereby each patient
maintains patient data stewardship. A patient’s records are distributed using focused
individual servers between various hospitals.
viii Preface
Chapter 8 discusses primarily the goal of VANETs, which is to assist communi-
cation between vehicles and roadway units (RSUs) through vehicle-to-RSU (V2R)
and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) networks. Due to the growing number of smart cities
across the globe and innovation in the field of technology, VANET apps have a tre-
mendous potential for growth. Road accidents and traffic congestion are growing
daily because of the rapid increase in the day-to-day use of vehicles. In order to
prevent emergencies and resolve the problem of vehicle congestion, coordination
between vehicles is important.
Chapter 9 concerns the use of blockchains in overseeing and sharing electronic
health and medical records to permit patients, emergency clinics, centers, and other
stakeholders to share information among themselves, and increase interoperability.
In spite of the fact that utilization of blockchains may decrease redundancy and give
guardians reliable records about their patients, it accompanies few difficulties which
could encroach patients’ security, or possibly bargain the entire system of partners.
Chapter 10 – This chapter has focused on the various benefits that an IoT organi-
zation typically offers some benefits, still, Current Centralized Architecture (CCA)
introduces the Involving various problems like privacy, safety, data integrity, trans-
parency and single point of failure. An obstacle in the way of IoT applications and
challenges in the future developments. It is one of the moving IoT toward distrib-
uted ledger technologies is one of the moving into IoT to the correct choice to
resolve these problems. The popular type and common of distributed ledger tech-
nologies is the blockchain. Integrating the IoT with blockchain innovation can bring
endless advantages. They depend on centralized models that present another assort-
ment of specialized impediments to oversee them all around the world. Engineering
for refereeing jobs and authorizations in IoT.
Bangalore, Karnataka, India Pethuru Raj
Rajpura, Punjab, India Ashutosh Kumar Dubey
Rajpura, Punjab, India Abhishek Kumar
Ajmer, India Pramod Singh Rathore
Contents
A Comprehensive Survey on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency
Technologies: Approaches, Challenges, and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
K. R. Jothi and S. Oswalt Manoj
Intelligent Traffic Management with Prioritized Scheduling System . . . . 23
S. A. K. Jainulabudeen, D. Sundeep, and S. Rahul
Data Mining-Based Metrics for the Systematic Evaluation
of Software Project Management Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Patricia R. Cristaldo, Daniela López De Luise, Lucas La Pietra, Anabella
De Battista, and D. Jude Hemanth
Blockchain Technology Applications for Next Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Neha Puri, Vikas Garg, and Rashmi Agrawal
An Approach to Ensure High-Availability Deployment of IoT Devices . . . 75
Abishaik Mohan, Balaji Seetharaman, and P. Janarthanan
Blockchain-Based IoT Architecture for Software-Defined Networking . . 91
P. Manju Bala, S. Usharani, T. Ananth Kumar, R. Rajmohan,
and M. Pavithra
Blockchain Technology Use Cases in Healthcare Management:
State-of-the- Art Framework and Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
S. Usharani, P. Manju Bala, R. Rajmohan, T. Ananth Kumar,
and M. Pavithra
Secure Vehicular Communication Using Blockchain Technology . . . . . . . 141
N. Padmapriya, T. Ananth Kumar, R. Rajmohan, M. Pavithra, and
P. Kanimozhi
ix