Black's Law Dictionary, Abridged, 9th PDF
Preview Black's Law Dictionary, Abridged, 9th
Pronunciation Guide a for all the vowel sounds in m as in motion, malice burden, circus, function, wonder n as in notice, negate a as in fact, plat ng as in long, ring ah as in balm, father o as in contract, loss am as in bar, start oh as in oath, impose air as in flare, lair 00 as in rule, school aw as in tall, law oor as in lure, tour ay as in page, same or as in board, court b as in balk, rob ow as in allow, oust ch as in chief, breach oy as in join, ploy d as in debt, docket p as in perjury, prize e as in leg, tenant r as in revolt, terror ee as in plea, legal s as in sanction, pace eer as in mere, tier sh as in sheriff, flash er as in merit, stationery t as in term, toxic f as in father, off th as in theory, theft g as in go, fog th as in there, whether h as in hearsay, hold uu as in took, pull hw as in whereas, while uur as in insurance, plural 1 as in risk, intent v as in vague, waiver I as in crime, idle w as in warranty, willful j as in jury, judge y as in year, yield k as in kidnap, flak z as in zoning, maze 1 as in lawyer, trial zh as in measure, vision Black's Law Dictionary@ Ninth Edition Black's Law Dictionary® Ninth Edition Bryan A. Garner Editor in Chief WEST® A Thomson Reuters business Mat #40776543 Mat #40776546--deluxe "BLACK'S LAW OICnONARY" is a registered trademark of Thomson Reuters, Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. COPYRIGHT © 1891, 1910, 1933, 1951, 1957,1968,1979,1990 WEST PUBUSHING CO. © West, a Thomson business, 1999, 2004 © 2009 Thomson Reuters 610 Opperman Drive st. Paul, MN 55123 1-800-313-9378 Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 9784-314-19949-2 ISBN: 978+314-19950-8-deluxe II:>t 'l:I TEXT IS PRINTED ON 10% POST CONSUMER RECYCLED PAPER Black's Law Dictionary Ninth Edition EDITOR IN CHIEF Bryan A. Garner President, LawProse, Inc. Distinguished Research Professor of Law Southern Methodist University Dallas, Texas ASSOCIATE EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR Tiger Jackson JetfNewman LawPro.lc, Inc. LawProse, Inc. Dallas, Texas Dallas, Texas CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Karolyne H. Cheng Herbert J. Hammond Brian Melendez Da/lils, Textls Dallas. Texas Minneapolis, Minnt'sola Ann Taylor Schwing Fred Shapiro Joseph F. Spaniol Jr. Minneapolis, Afimlt'sola New Haven, Connecticut Bethesda, Mary/alld PRONUNCIATION EDITOR Charles Harrington Elster S!lT! Diego, California PANEL OF PRACTITIONER CONTRIBUTORS Page vi PANEL OF ACADEMIC CONTRIBUTORS Pageix Black's Law Dictionary (9th ed.) PANEL OF PRACTITIONER CONTRIBUTORS Sherri K. Adelkoff Diana Brown Bernadette S. Curry Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Houston, Texas Fairfield, California Daniel Alexander Lynne 'Ihaxter Brown Jonathan A. Darcy Las Angeles, Califomla Fresno, California Philadelphia, Suzanne Antlev James Andrew Browne Elaine Maier Deering San Diega, Ca/from/a San Frallcisco, California Boca Raton, Florida Leslie Karyn Arfine Julie A. Buffington A. Charles Dell'Ario Ridgefield, Connectiwt Dallas, Texas Oakland, John R. Armstrong II B, Chad Bungard C. David Dietz Irvine, Cai(fornia Fredericksburg, Virginia St. Paul, Minnesota Brad D. Bailey Beverly Ray Burlingame Michael J. Dimino Evergrem. Colorado Dallas, Texas Washil1gton, D.C William P. Baker Fritz Byers Richard S. Dodd II Baltimore, Maryland Toledo> Ohio Res/on, Virginia Judith M. Bambace H. Thomas Byron III Leah Domstead San mega, California Washingtoll. D.C Dallas, Texas Daniel P. Barer Christopher A. Camardello Preston Saul Draper Los Angeles, CaWarnia Minneapolis> Il'finn1?sota Norman, Oklahoma Ben A. Baring Jr. David 1. Cargille John C. Duncan HOllston. Texas New York, New York Norman. Oklahoma Chad Baruch Robert J. Jf. Gerald E Dusing Dallas, Texas Houston, Texas Covington, Kentucky Isabel Barzun ThomasL. Steve C. Eggimann New York, New York Lansing. Michigan l'v1il1neapolis, Minnesota Eric S. Basse Bradley Charles Daniel P. Elms Bremerton, Washington Grand Rapids, Michigan Dallas, Texas Laurie T. Baulig Li Chen Ann Erickson Gault l~ancaster, Pennsylvania Dallas, Texas Pontiac, Michigan Hugh C. Beck Jordan B. Cherrick l\.Iichael T. Fackler !,ittleton, Ohio St. Louis, Missouri Jacksonville. Florida Adron W. Beene Peter Clapp !vlichael E. Faden San lose, California Richmond. California Rockville, Maryland Bill C. Berger Kristina A. Clark John D. Faucher Denver, Colorado Washington, D.C. l1H1usand Oaks, California Xanthe M. Berry Randall B. Clark Bruce Ellis Fein Oakland, Ct<lifornia Roston, Massachusetts Washington, D.C. Nathan V. Bishop A. Cleland Janet Rosenblum Fipphen East Hills. New York At/unta, Georgia Connecticut Michael R. Blum Michael Scott Coffman Angela Fisher San Francisco. California Salt I,ake City, Utah Knoxville, Tennessee Deborah L Borman Elizabeth J. Cohen Neil Fried Chicago, Illinois Chicago, Illinois Arling/on, Virginia Sara E. Bouley Charles Dewey Cole Jr. Elizabeth Klein Frumkin Salt lake City. Utah New York. New York Cambridge, Massachusetts Kevin J. Breer Samuel Scott Cornish Mark W. Gaffney Westwood. Kansas New York, New York Pclham Manor, New York Mark A Bregman EmilyC6tf lJuane H. Gall Swttstiale, Arizona San'Jase, Cal(fornia Denver, Colorado Beth A. Brennan Jefferson Coulter Nicole S. Gambrell Missoula. MOlltana Seattle, Washillgton Dalla.>, Texas Joyce Murphy Brooks Jim Covington Baldemar Garda Jr. Charlotte, North Carolina Springfield. Illinois taredo, Texas vi Black's Law Dictionary (9th ed.) PANEL OF PRACTITIONER CONTRIBUTORS Kathryn Gardner Stuart B. Katz Morris D. Linton Ihpeka, Kansas Chappaqua, New York Salt Lake City, Utah Anne \'\t, Gill Paul D. Keeper David W. Long Castle Rock, Colorado Austin, Texas Washinglon, D.C. Alexander CD. Giza Darlene Azevedo Kellv Thomas G. Lovett IV Culver Cit)" Caiffornill Oakhurst, California ' A1illneapolis, A1inne.Hlta Kevin \V. Grierson H. Dennis Kelly Margaret I. Lyle ,\iorfolk, \'irginia Fort Worth, Texas Dalias, Texas Ellen R Gwynn Clark D. Kimball David P. Lyons 'Ii,lIl2hassu, Florida Rochester. New York Chicago, Illinois Matthew C. Hans James A. King Robert N, Markle Sf. Louis, Missouri Columbus, Ohio Fairfax, Virginia Yaakov Har-Oz Andrew D. Klein Anthony T, Marks Beit .Shemesh, Israel Cherry Hill, New Jersey Los A nge/es, CalijiJrnia William H. Hart Melissa Lin Klemens Catherine M. Masters Minneapolis, lvlinnesotll Washington, D.C. Chicago, Illinois Molly Hatchell William Nt Klimon Jeffrey Matloff Austin, Texas Washington, D.C. Bellevue. Washington Scott M. Heenan Helena Klumpp Michael J. Mauro Cincinnati, Ohio Dee~fidd, Il/irwis Stamford. Conlled/cut Marie Hejl Jonathan H. Koenig Olga!. May Austin, Texas Wauwalos'I, Wisconsin San J)jego, California Susan Hoffman 1110mas J. Koffer Jeffrey T, McPherson Sail Luis Obispo, California New York, New York St. [ouis, Missouri Jeffrey A. Hogge Christina M. Kotowski John W. McReynolds Elk Groye, California San Francisco, California Dallas, Texas Brian John Hooper Mike Kueber Edward R. Mevec Arlington, Virginia San AutO/tio, Texas Buchanan, New York Henry W. Huffnagle Nanda P.B.A, Kumar Andrew E. Miller Washingtorl, D.C. Philadelphia, Permsylvrwia Los Angeles, California Hon. Lynn N. Hughes Robert J. Lallv Matthew C. Miller Houston, Texas Clevt'land, Ohio Ka'lsas City, A1.issouri Robert N. Hughes Hon. Harriet Lansing Daphna H. Mitchell Virginia Bem:h, Virginia 51. Paul, Minnesota New York, New York Maryanne Burnes Hutchinson Geoffrey Larson Michael S. Mitchell Braintree, Massachusetts Minneapolis, Minnesota New Orleans, Louisiana Amy B. Ikerd James Hays Lawson Andrew W. Moeller Coldwater, Ohio Louisville, Kentucky Amherst, New York Peter 0. Israel Hon. Steve Leben Thomas J. Moses Los Angeles, California Topeka, Kansas San Francisco, California Dianne L. Izzo Michelle Thomas Leifeste R. Eric Nielsen Austin, Texas Boulder. Colomdo BetilesJIi, Maryland Matthew A. Jacober AndrewD. Levy SiobMn Nurre St. Louis, Missouri Baltimore, Maryland San Jose. ('alffomia Robert A, James Janet Li Consuelo Marie Ohanesian San Francisco, California Fosler City. Califomia Phoenix, .4.rizona Eric K. Johnson Dryden J. Liddle Erin J. O'Leary lyfurruy, Utah Alameda, Califorllia Orlando, Florida David R. Johnstone Raymond J. Liddy Kymberly K. Oltroggc Washing torI, D,C. San Diego, California Drippings Springs, Texas Richard B, Katskee Jacob R, Lines William S. Osborn WClShington, D.C. Tucson, Arizona Dal/lis, Texas vii Black's Law Dictionary (9th ed.) PANEL OF PRACTITIONER CONTRIBUTORS James C. Owens James F. Schaller II Renee Maria Tremblay Washington, D.C. Toledo, Ohio Ottawa, Onlario, Canada Christine C. Pagano Edward Schiffer Craig J. Tracino Oakland, California San Francisco, California Fort Lauderdale, Florida Paul I. Perlman Daniel J. Schultz R. Collins Vallee Buffalo, New York Tempe, Arizona Mandeville, Louisiana Arthur R. Petrie II David W. Schultz Arthur A. Vingiello Newport Beach, California Houston, Texas Baton Rouge, Louisiana Rebecca B. Phalen Herbert R. Schulze Kristin P. Walinski Atlanta, Georgia Truckee. California Richmond, Virginia David Pickle Benjamin G. Shatz Richard S. Walinski Washington, D.C. Los Angeles. California Toledo, Ohio Mark D. Plaisance Denise Wimbiscus Shepherd Alison Wallis Baker. Louisiana Solon, Ohio Harvey. Louisiana Matthew Eliot Pollack Richard A. Sherburne Jr. Mark R. Wasem Topsham, Maine Balon Rouge, Louisiana Dallas, Texas Jeffrey D. Polsky Anne M. Sherry Christine E. Watchorn San Francisco, California Riverswood, Illinois Columbus. Ohio Christina E. Ponig Jordan M. Sickman M.John Way Houston, Texas Southfield, Afichigan Tumwater, Washington Steve Putman Marshall Simmons Philip Weltner II Houston, Texas Dallas, Texas Atlanta, Georgia Robert M. Redis Fred A. Simpson Garner K. Weng White Plains, New York Houston. Texas San Francisco, California James M. Reiland Adam Snyder Eric R. Werner Chicago, Illinois Wadsworth. [//inois Fort Worth, Texas Tracy L. Reilly Randall J. Snyder Donald C. Wheaton JI. Dal/as, Texas Bismarck, North Dakota St. Clair Shores, Michigan David E. Robbins William C. Spence Carla L. Wheeler Broomall, Pennsylvania Chicago, lllinois Chevy Chase, Maryland Armando Rodriguez-Feo Scott A. Stengel Daniel R. White Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. l.os Angeles, California Susan L. Ronn Heather E. Stern Malcolm E. Whittaker Kohimarama Auckland, Los Angeles, California Houston, Texas New Zealand Scott Patrick Stolley Jamison Wilcox Joseph E. Root Dallas, Texas Hamden, Connecticut Montara, California Victor R. Stull Hon. Bruce Donald Willis Hon. Janice M. Rosa Redlands. California Plymouth, Minnesota Erie County, New York Michelle Dimond Szambelan Conrad R. Wolan Glenn F. Rosenblum Spokane, Washington Elmira, New York Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Tony Tanke Craig M. Wolff Joseph M. Russell Davis, California Yarmouth, Maine Chicago. Illinois Craig D. Tindall Sara T.S. Wolff James B. Ryan Phoenix, Arizona Yarmouth, Maine San Diego, California Nick Tishler Albert J. Woller man Patrick M. Ryan Niskayuna, New York Tallahassee, Florida San Francisco. California Peter J. Toren William C. Wright New York, New York West Palm Beach, Florida GARNERLAWSCHOLARS-SMUSCHOOLQFLAW Timothy D. Martin Arrissa K. Meyer Jonathan Michael Thomas Laurie M. Velasco 'The Colony, Texas Dallas, Texas Dallas, Texas Plano. Texas viii Black's Law Dictionary (9th ed.) PANEL OF ACADEMIC CONTRIBUTORS Hans W. Baade Heidi M. Hurd Jean Rosenbluth 'Ihe University of Texas University ofI llinois Ur!iversityof Southern California Lynn A. Baker Julian Conrad Juergensmeyer Ihe University of Texas Georgia State University Paul Frederick Rothstein GeorgetowlI University Thomas E. Baker Sanford H. Kadish Florida International University UniversityafCalifornia Ronald Daniel Rotunda at Berkeley Mason University Barbara Aronstein Black Columbia University Gideon Kanner Stephen A. Saltzburg Loyola Law School 1he Washington Hon. Thomas Buergenthal Ulliversity International Court ofJusticr Joseph R. Kimble (George Washington University) Thomas M. Cooley Law School Frederic S. Schwartz Okahoma University Edward H. Cooper Edward J. Kionka School of Law University of Michigan Southern Illinois University Charles Silver Daniel Robert Coquillette Douglas Laycock The University of Texas Boston College The University ofM ichigan Lawrence M. Solan David Crump Saul Litvinoff Brooklyn taw University of Houston Louisiana State University Marc L Steinberg Darby A. Dickerson John S. Lowe Southern Afethodist University Stetson University Southern Methodist University Michael F. Sturley James Joseph Duane (the late) Julius J. Marke The University o/Texas Regent University School of Law SI. John's University Symeon Symeonides David G. Epstein Thomas William Mayo Willamette University Southern Methodist University Southern Methodist University Peter MeHes Tiersma (the late) E. Allan Farnsworth Lucy S. McGough Loyola I.~w School Columbia University Louisiana State University Mark V. Tushnet Martha A. Field Joseph W. McKnight Georgetown University Harvard University Southern Methodist University William D. Underwood Monroe H. Freedman John K. McNulty Baylor University Hofstra University UniversityafCaliforllia at Berkeley David Walker Richard D. Freer University of Glasgow Emory University Ernest Metzger University ofA berdecn Robert Weisberg S. Elizabeth Gibson Stanford Law School University of North Carolina James E. MoHterno Richard J. Graving College (~f William & Mary Mary Whisner University ofWashingtoti South Texas College James A.R. Nafziger Willamette l'niversity Peter Winship Alan Gunn Southern Methodist University University of Notre Dame John B. Oakley University ofC alifornia Charles W. Wolfram Egon Guttman Cornell Law School American University John V. Orth University ofNorlh Carolina Richard C. Wydick Geoffrey C. Hazard Jr. Un ive rsity of Ca lifornia University of Califomia Alan N. Resnick at Davis Hastings College of Law Hofstra University A.N. Yiannopoulos R.H. Helmholz O.E Robinson Tulane University University ofC hicago (;niversityofGlasgow Judith T. Younger Tony Honore University ofM innesota Oxford University ix Contents Preface to the Ninth Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Preface to the Eighth Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Preface to the Seventh Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Guide to the Dictionary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv List of Abbreviations in Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi Dictionary . , ........ , , ....... , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Appendixes A. Table of Legal Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1761 B. Legal Maxims. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1815 C. The Constitution of the United States of America . 1881 D. Universal Declaration of Human Rights.. .. . . . .. 1895 E. Members of the United States Supreme Court.. . . 1899 F. Federal Circuits Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1903 G. British Regnal Years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1905 H. Bibliography. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907 xi
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