Table Of Content

BLACKENING EUROPE AFRICAN AMERICAN PRESENCE THE EDITED BY Hana-: RAPHAEL-H:nNANn:z WITHA FOREWORD BY PAUL GILHOY Blackening Europe TheAfrican American Presence CROSSCURRENTSINAFRICANAMERICANHISTORY GrahamRussellHodges,SeriesEditor WritingsonBlackWomenoftheDiaspora: GenderintheCivilRightsMovement History,Language,andIdentity EditedbySharonMonteithandPeterI.Ling ByLean’tinL.Bracks Hitler’sBlackVictims:TheHistoricalExperiences TheSlavesofLil7erty:FreedominAmite ofAfro—Germans,EuropeanBlacks,Africans, Country,Mississippi, 1820—1868 andAfricanAmericansintheNaziEra ByDaleEdwynaSmith ByClarenceLusane ContestedTerrain:AfricanAmericanWomen BlackConservatism:EssaysinIntellectual MigratefromtheSouthtoCincinnati,Ohio, andPoliticalHistory 1900—1950 EditedbyPeterEisenstadt ByBeverlyBunch—Lyons MovingOn:BlackLoyalistsinthe BlackReligiousIntellectuals:TheFightfor Afro—AtlanticWorld EqualityfromIimCrowtotheTwenty-first EditedbyIohnW.Pulis Century ByClarenceTaylor Afro—VirginianHistoryandCulture EditedbyIohnSaillant Rebels,Reformers,andRevolutionaries: CollectedEssaysandSecondThoughts UnyieldingSpirits:BlackWomenand ByDouglasEgerton SlaveryinEarlyCanadaand]amaica ProblematizingBlackness:Self—Ethnographies ByMaureenG.Elgersman byBlackImmigrantstotheUnitedStates EditedbyIeanMutebaRahierand HistoricalRootsoftheUrbanCrisis: PercyHintzen AfricanAmericansintheIndustrialCity 1900—1950 BlackeningEurope:TheAfricanAmerican EditedbyHenryLouisTaylor,Jr. Presence andWalterHill EditedbyHeikeRaphael—Hernandez Blackening Europe TheAfrican American Presence Editedby Heike Raphael-Hernandez WithaForewordbyPaulGilroy ROUTLEDGE NEWYORKAND LONDON Publishedin2004by Routledge 29West35thStreet NewYork,NY10001 www.routledge-ny.com PublishedinGreatBritainby Routledge 11NewFetterLane LondonEC4P4EE www.routledge.co.uk Copyright©2004byTaylorandFrancisBooks,Inc. RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylorandFrancisGroup. PrintedintheUnitedStatedofAmericaonacid—freepaper. 1098765432 1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybeprintedorutilizedinanyformorbyany electronic,mechanicalorothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,including photocopyingandrecording,oranyotherinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in—PublicationData Raphael—Hernandez,Heike. BlackeningEurope:theAfricanAmericanpresence/Heike Raphael—Hernandez. p.cm. ISBN0-415-94398-1 (alk.paper) ISBN0-415-94399-X(pbk. alk. — : paper) 1. Blacks—Europe—Socialconditions. 2. Europe—Ethnicrelations. 3. Europe—Racerelations. 4. AfricanAmericanjazzmusicians—Europe. 5. Blacks—Europe—Publicopinion. I. Title. Dl056.2.A7R36 2003 305.896'07304—dc21 2003009695 Contents Acknowledgments Foreword: Migrancy,Culture,and a NewMap ofEurope Xi PAULGILROY Introduction: MakingtheAfricanAmerican Experience Primary HEIKERAPHAEL—HERNANDEZ Part1:CreatingaFoundation 1 JazzasDecalforthe EuropeanAvant—Garde 13 IEDRASULA Blackness as Symptom: Josephine Bakerand European Identity 35 SAMIRDAYAL “Iungle inthe Spotlight”?: Primitivismand Esteem: Katherine Dunham’s 1954 GermanTour 53 DOROTHEAFlSCHER—HORNUNG BlackMusic,White Freedom: Times and Spaces of JazzCountercultures intheUSSR 73 IRINANOVIKOVA vi Contents - PartII:AccompanyingEuropeintotheTwenty—firstCentury 5 Monuments ofthe BlackAtlantic: SlaveryMemorials in theUnited States andthe Netherlands 87 IOHANNAC.KARDUX DancingAwaytoward Home:An Interviewwith BillT. Jones aboutDancingin ContemporaryEurope 107 P.A.SKANTZE TheMelancholicInfluence ofthe Postcolonial Spectral: VeraMantero SummoningIosephine Baker 121 ANDRELEPECKI Nights ofFlamenco and Blues inSpain: From SorrowSongsto Soleciand Back 141 MARIAFRIAS MonsieurHip—Hop 157 FELICIAMCCARREN 10 Rap,Rebounds,and Rocawear: The“Darkening” ofGermanYouthCulture 171 CATHYCOVELLWAEGNER 11 A.R.T.,Klikk,K.A.O.S.,andthe Rest: Hungarian Youth Rapping 187 EVAMIKLODY 12 “ButIAin’tAfrican,I’mAmerican!”: BlackAmerican Exiles andthe Construction ofRacial Identities in Twentieth—CenturyFrance 201 CH.DIDIERGONDOLA 13 “Heroes acrossthe Sea”: BlackandWhite British FascinationwithAfricanAmericans inthe Contemporary BlackBritishFictionbyCaryl Phillips andJackie Kay 217 ALANRICE PartIII:TurningintoTheoryforEurope 14 NeverShallWe BeSlaves: Locke’sTreatises,Slavery, and EarlyEuropeanModernity 235 SABINEBROECK Contents vii - 15 MakeCapital OutofTheirSympathy: Rhetoricand RealityofU.S. Slaveryand Italian ImmigrantProstitution alongthe ColorLine fromthe Nineteenthto the Twenty—firstCentury 249 PETERGARDNER 16 BlackeningGypsySlavery: The Romanian Case 263 MIHAELAMUDURE 17 “Niggas”and“Skins”: Nihilism amongAfricanAmerican Youthin Low—IncomeUrban Communities and East GermanYouthinSatellite Cities,SmallTowns,and RuralAreas 285 HEIKERAPHAEL—HERNANDEZ Contributors 303 Index 309 Acknowledgments Many people showed their genuine interest in the fundamental ideas of BlackeningEurope: The African American Presence and participated with challengingdiscussions atmanydifferentsitesandoccasions.l owe thanks to allofthem.Because itisnotpossible to include all,Iwouldlike to name someinparticularwhoseideascontributedtothefinalproductinverydif- ferent but wonderful ways. Graham Hodges encouraged me to (actually insistedthatI) turn an idea into reality.Denise Sokolowski,headlibrarian at the University of Maryland University College in Europe, has been awardedthetitle“ResearchWizard”forlocatingmaterialthatseemedtobe unlocatable.PirjoAhorkasestablishedthe initialcontactwithPekkaIalka— nen in Finland. Lene Iohannessen, Roy Goldblatt, Anastasia Stefanidou, MariaFrias,MariaSternkvistProitsaki,IaroslavKusnir,ElisabettaMarino, Peter Gardner,andtheirstudentsparticipatedin alonger discussion about theEuropean—wideMTVimpactonyouthculture.Manypeoplereadparts ofthe manuscript,but I wouldlike to thankin particular Susan E. Tomli- son,FrankLay,Rocio Davis,HeideWeidner,andThomasDeFrantz. Rares Beuran offered several pictures from his rich collection of contemporary Roma life. Vikram Mukhija, Iaclyn Bergeron, and Karen Wolny were a greatteamtoworkwith atRoutledge. Mybiggestthanksgoestomyhomefront—DonandMarkus,Iakob,and Ionathan—an incrediblebunchfullofhumor,support,andlove.Thatthis projectisrealizedisalso dueto them.