Black Sea and Central Asia promoting work and well-being

152 Pages·2008·4.018 MB·English

by  OECD

Black Sea and Central Asia
PROMOTING WORK AND WELL-BEING Black Sea
The Black Sea and Central Asian regions are fascinating because of their political, cultural
and Central Asia
and economic diversity. With the exception of OECD members Greece and Turkey, all the countries
in this region are emerging from transition from the centrally-planned economies of the Soviet
era into market-based societies. This transition has created opportunities for development,
but has also introduced new problems and fresh challenges for governments and society. PROMOTING WORK AND WELL-BEING
Issues such as migration, gender relations, social protection, job creation and ethnic relations
need to be tackled, and ways to consolidate development, while not excluding sectors of society,
need to be found.
This book addresses some of these challenges. It analyses the opportunities and conditions
of employment throughout the Black Sea region and Central Asia. It examines how different An OECD Development Centre Economic Outlook
countries deal with social issues affecting well-being. It presents, thus, both a country-based view
and a whole-region analysis that will be useful for policy makers and civil society in responding
to the challenges ahead.
Countries covered:
ALBANIA, ARMENIA, AZERBAIJAN, BULGARIA, GEORGIA, GREECE, KAZAKHSTAN,
KYRGYZ REPUBLIC, MOLDOVA, ROMANIA, RUSSIA, SERBIA, TAJIKISTAN, TURKEY,
B
TURKMENISTAN, UKRAINE AND UZBEKISTAN. la
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D GREECE
The full text of this book is available on line via these links: W
KAZAKHSTAN
E
www.sourceoecd.org/development/9789264047297 L
L KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
www.sourceoecd.org/transitioneconomies/9789264047297 -B
E MOLDOVA
Those with access to all OECD books on line should use this link: IN
G ROMANIA
www.sourceoecd.org/9789264047297
RUSSIA
SourceOECD is the OECD online library of books, periodicals and statistical databases. SERBIA
For more information about this award-winning service and free trials ask your librarian, or write to us at TAJIKISTAN
[email protected]. TURKEY
TURKMENISTAN
UKRAINE
UZBEKISTAN
This work is published under the auspices of the OECD
Development Centre. The Centre promotes comparative
development analysis and policy dialogue, as described at:
www.oecd.org/dev
ISBN 978-92-64-04729-7 -:HSTCQE=UY\W^\:
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Black Sea
and Central Asia
PROMOTING WORK AND WELL-BEING
DEVELOPMENT CENTRE OF THE ORGANISATION
FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to
address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at
the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and
concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an
ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy
experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate
domestic and international policies.
The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea,
Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of
the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD.
OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and
research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and
standards agreed by its members.
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the
official views of the OECD, the OECD Development Centre or of the governments of their
member countries.
Also available in French under the title:
Mer noire et Asie centrale
PROMOUVOIR LE TRAVAIL ET LE BIEN-ÊTRE
Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda.
© OECD 2008
OECD freely authorises the use, including the photocopy, of this material for private, non-commercial purposes. Permission to photocopy portions
of this material for any public use or commercial purpose may be obtained from the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the
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development centre
oecd

development centre
ocde
the development centre of the organisation for economic co-operation and development
was established by decision of the oecd council on 23 october 1962 and comprises
23 member countries of the oecd: Austria, Belgium, the czech republic, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Korea, luxembourg, mexico, the netherlands,
norway, poland, portugal, Slovak republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, turkey and the
United Kingdom as well as Brazil since march 1994, chile since november 1998, India
since February 2001 romania since october 2004, thailand since march 2005, South Africa
since may 2006 and egypt, Israel and viet nam since march 2008. the commission of the
european communities also takes part in the centre’s Governing Board.
the development centre, whose membership is open to both oecd and non-oecd
countries, occupies a unique place within the oecd and in the international community.
Members finance the Centre and serve on its Governing Board, which sets the biennial
work programme and oversees its implementation.
the centre links oecd members with developing and emerging economies and fosters debate
and discussion to seek creative policy solutions to emerging global issues and development
challenges. participants in centre events are invited in their personal capacity.
A small core of staff works with experts and institutions from the oecd and partner
countries to fulfil the Centre’s work programme. The results are discussed in informal
expert and policy dialogue meetings, and are published in a range of high-quality products
for the research and policy communities. the centre’s Study Series presents in-depth
analyses of major development issues. Policy Briefs and Policy Insights summarise major
conclusions for policy makers; Working Papers deal with the more technical aspects of
the centre’s work.
For an overview of the centre’s activities, please see www.oecd.org/dev
ISBn: 978-92-64-04729-7 © oecd 2008
BlAcK SeA And centrAl ASIA: promotInG WorK And Well-BeInG
fore

foreword
word
this book is a product of the development centre’s work on monitoring and analysis of regional
performance set out in the centre’s 2007–2008 programme of Work. It is one of three regional
outlooks; the others are the African Economic Outlook and the Latin American Economic
Outlook. the objective of this book is to promote the systematic monitoring and evaluation of
economic performance and underlying policies in the Black Sea and central Asian regions, in
order to facilitate evidence-based policy dialogue amongst the countries of these regions, as
well as to facilitate dialogue and exchange of good practices between them and the members
of the oecd.
ISBn: 978-92-64-04729-7 © oecd 2008
AcKnoWledGementS
AcKNow

Acknowledgements
LedGeMeNTS
Black Sea and Central Asia: Work and Well-Being was prepared by a team composed of
loukas Balafoutas, Federico Bonaglia (project co-ordinator), cengiz orun, richard pomfret and
Shahrbanou tadjbakhsh. loukas Balafoutas and Federico Bonaglia drafted substantial sections
of part one of the outlook. richard pomfret drafted part two, co-ordinating inputs from loukas
Balafoutas (chapter three), Shahrbanou tadjbakhsh (chapter Five), cengiz orun (chapter Six)
and Federico Bonaglia (chapter Seven). claire owen provided research assistance.
reports were drafted by tamaz Asatiani and michael tokmazishvili (center for Social and economic
research, tbilisi), mher Baghramyan (Armenian International policy research Group, Yerevan),
Jamshed Kuddusov (resource Information Advisory centre on labour, dushanbe), roman
mogilevsky (center for Social and economic research, Bishkek), veronika movchan (Institute
for economic research and policy consulting, Kiev), Kosovka ognjenovic (eSpI Institute,
Belgrade), Ziyodullo parpiev (center for economic research, tashkent), rasim ramazanov
(research centre for development and International collaboration, Baku), Galina Selari (center
for Strategic Studies and reforms, chisinau) and valentina vasile (Institute of national economy
of the romanian Academy, Bucharest).
Jeff dayton-Johnson, Johannes Jutting and theodora Xenogiani (oecd development centre)
and Louka T. Katseli (former Director of the OECD Development Centre) also provided significant
inputs. michèle Girard, librarian at the oecd development centre, was responsible for
bibliographical research.
A large number of government representatives and experts from academia and the private
sector were involved in successive drafts. particular thanks go to participants in the Informal
Advisory Group meeting that took place in paris on 14 november 2007: petr Bambas (ministry
of Foreign Affairs, czech republic), Giovanni Andrea cornia (University of Florence), Gerard
duchene (Université paris 1), Jean-luc dubois (Université de versailles), mihail Harbic (ministry
of Foreign Affairs, romania), Hartmut lehmann (University of Bologna), pier rossi-longhi
(Iom), monica matescu (ministry of labour, Family and equal opportunities, romania), rainer
münz (erste Bank), Boris najman (Université paris XII), Serap ozcoskun (ministry of Foreign
Affairs, turkey), Ben Slay (Undp), laura Solanko (Bank of Finland).
meruert makhmutova (public policy research centre, Almaty) and tamaz Asatiani provided
support in organising the two regional experts’ meetings in Almaty (28 August 2007) and tbilisi
(4 September 2007).
Statistical inputs and comments were also provided by the Greek permanent delegation to the
oecd (panagiota tsirka), the romanian embassy in paris (mihaela popescu) and the turkish
permanent delegation to the oecd (Amb. Ahmet erzoan and Beste phelivan).
Wanda ollis (consultant editor) revised the manuscript and provided extensive editorial
advice.
colm Foy, magali Geney, vanda legrandgérard, Kathryn Bailey and Sheila lionet (oecd development
centre’s publications and media Unit) turned the manuscript into the publication.
ISBn: 978-92-64-04729-7 © oecd 2008
BlAcK SeA And centrAl ASIA: promotInG WorK And Well-BeInG
 the outlook was prepared under the overall guidance of Javier Santiso, director of the oecd
development centre, and Kiichiro Fukasaku, counsellor at the development centre.
Financial support from the Governments of Greece, romania and turkey and from the International
centre for Black Sea Studies made this publication possible.
ISBn: 978-92-64-04729-7 © oecd 2008
tABle oF contentS
TABLe of
7
Table of contents
coNTeNTS
PrefAce 9
AcroNyMS ANd ABBreviATioNS 11
iNTroducTioN 1
PArT i
recent economic development in the Black Sea
and central Asia regions
introduction to Part i 1
chAPTer oNe 17
Macroeconomic Performance and external Position
chAPTer Two 29
integration into the Global economy
PArT ii
work and well-being:
Policy challenges in the Global environment
introduction to Part ii 
chAPTer Three 7
work and well-being: The observed outcomes
chAPTer four 8
Labour Market outcomes and the Global Policy environment
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BlAcK SeA And centrAl ASIA: promotInG WorK And Well-BeInG
8 chAPTer five 9
households’ responses and coping Mechanisms
chAPTer SiX 11
Policy responses
chAPTer SeveN 1
conclusions and Policy recommendations
refereNceS 1
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