Table Of Content

BLACKHOLEMASSES,METALLICITIES,ANDEMISSIONLINE PROPERTIESOFQUASARS By CRAIGD.WARNER ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA 2004 Copyright2004 by CraigD.Warner ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IamgratefultoFredChaffee,AncaConstantin,CraigFoltz,VesaJunkkari- nen,andJoeShieldsfortheirdirectparticipationinreducingoracquiringsome oftheground-basedspectrausedinthisworkandtoMarianneVestergaardfor providingtheUVFeemissiontemplateforthisstudy. IthankBassernSabrafor hisusefulcommentsonsomeofmymanuscriptsandforbeingavailablewhenIhad questions. IamalsothankfultoRafaelGuzman,GaryIhas,BeverlySanders,and VickiSarajediniforbeingonmycommittee. IwouldliketothankMatthiasDietrichforhisendlessworkincompilingand calibratingourlargesampleofAGNspectra,hiscalctemplatefortranprogramto calculatecompositespectra,hismanyusefulcommentsonourmanuscriptsand posters,andallthequestionshehasansweredandhelphehasgivenme. Iwouldliketogivespecialthankstomyadviser,FredHamann,forallhishelp andsupportworkingwithmethepastfouryears. Iamgratefultohimforgetting mestartedonstudyingemissionlinesinquasars,alwaysbeingavailablewhenI hadquestions,andfinancialsupportbothasaresearchassistantandforattending meetings. Iamalsothankfulthatbecauseofhismany,manyusefulcommentson ourmanuscripts,bythetimetheywerereviewed,therefereesgenerallyhadvery fewrevisionstosuggest. IthankCatherineGarlandforhercommentsonsomeofmymanuscriptsand herhelpandsupportboththroughclassesandduringmydoctoralresearch. Iam alsogratefultoEricMcKenzieforhiscarefulproofreadingofmymanuscripts, hiscommentsonthem,andhishelpandsupportthroughclassesandduring mydoctoralresearch. IwouldliketothankKylePadgettforhishelpingetting 111 throughundergraduatephysics,especiallyE&MII,andforallofhissupportthe pasteightyears. Finally,Iwouldliketothankmyparents,RichardandApril Warner,foralloftheirsupport. IacknowledgehnancialsupportfromtheNSFviagrantAST99-84040and NASAviagrantNAG5-3234. IV TABLEOFCONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii LISTOFTABLES viii LISTOFFIGURES ix ABSTRACT xvi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 THEMETALLICITYOFTHEREDSHIFT4.16QUASARBR2248-1242 8 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 DataandAnalysis 10 2.3 Results 15 2.4 Discussion 18 3 ARELATIONBETWEENSUPERMASSIVEBLACKHOLEMASS ANDQUASARMETALLICITY? 20 3.1 Introduction 20 3.2 SMBHMassDeterminations 23 3.3 DataandAnalysis 26 3.4 CIVvs. H/3asaMassDiagnostic 34 3.5 Results 35 3.5.1 SMBHMassvs. Redshift,Luminosity,andFWHM 35 3.5.2 LinePropertiesversusSMBHMass 40 3.5.3 MetallicityversusSMBHMass 40 3.5.4 DoNIII]andNvDisagree? 44 3.6 Discussion 46 3.7 SummaryandConclusions 48 4 ACTIVEGALACTICNUCLEIEMISSION-LINEPROPERTIESVER- SUSEDDINGTONRATIO 51 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 EddingtonRatioDeterminations 53 4.3 DataandAnalysis 56 4.4 ResultsandComparisons 63 V 4.4.1 L/LeddandSuper-EddingtonAccretion 63 4.4.2 CorrelationswithL/Ledd 63 4.4.3 SurprisingEmission-LineBehaviors 67 4.4.4 Metallicities 73 4.5 Discussion 76 4.6 SummaryandConclusions 78 5 BLACKHOLEMASSES,METALLICITIES,ANDTHEBALDWIN EFFECT 81 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 DataandAnalysis 83 5.3 CompositeSpectra 85 5.4 ResultsandComparisons 89 5.4.1 Metallicities 89 5.4.2 LinePeakHeightsandtheBaldwinEffect 92 5.5 Discussion 96 5.5.1 BLRMetallicities 96 5.5.2 TheBaldwinEffect 98 5.6 SummaryandConclusions 99 6 ONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENMETALLICITYANDEMIS- SIONLINEVELOCITYWIDTHSINAGNS 101 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 Data&Analysis 103 6.3 CompositeSpectra 104 6.4 Results&Discussion 106 6.5 Summary&Conclusions 108 7 SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS 110 APPENDICES A DETAILSOFLINEFITTINGPROCEDURE 113 B LINEFITTINGWITHGATORPLOT 116 C GATORPLOTDOCUMENTATION 119 C.l Overview 119 C.2 PlottingFiles 121 C.3 Titles,Labels,Symbols,andOffsets 124 C.4 Buttons 125 C.5 GPFIT 128 C.6 Commands,Images,andMore 139 C.7 DefaultColumns,Colors,andLinestyles 142 C.8 MoreOptions 143 VI C.9 GPScript 145 D DETAILSOFCREATINGCOMPOSITESPECTRA 158 E POSTERS 163 REFERENCES 168 BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 175 vii LISTOFTABLES Tab2l-e page 3- 23-1 EmissionLineData 12 42--2 EmissionLineComponents 13 4- 5-3 EmissionLineRatios 15 6-1 CompositeParameters 27 2 EmissionLineData 33 1 CompositeParameters 59 2 EmissionLineData 68 1 CompositeParameters 86 1 CompositeParameters 105 viii 2- LISTOFFIGURES Figure page 2 1 SpectrumofBR2248-1242withourfittothecontinuumoverplotted (dashedline). Thespectrumhasbeencorrectedforextinction. ... 10 2 GaussianfitsofemissionlinesofBR2248-1242. Thecontinuumisnor- malizedbythepowerlawfitshowninFigure2-1. Thecontinuum (atunity)andcompositelinefitsareplottedassolidcurves. The individualcomponentsofthefitsareshownasdottedanddashed lines 12 2 3 ComparisonoffluxratiosmeasuredinBR2248-1242totheoreticalre- 3- sultsfromFigure5ofHamannetal. (2001). Comparisonsofour measuredlineratiostothetheoreticalmodelrepresentedbythe solidlineyieldourpreferredestimatesformetallicity. Thesolid lineisobtainedfromthemodelinHamannetal. thatusesaseg- mentedpowerlawforthephotoionizingcontinuumshape,whichis agoodapproximationtotheaverageobservedcontinuuminquasars. Thedottedlinecorrespondstothemodelthatusesanincidentspec- trumdefinedbyMatthews&Ferland(1987),whilethedashedline correspondstoapowerlawwithindexa=—1.0acrosstheinfrared throughX-rays 16 1 NormalizedcompositespectraareshownforallfiveSMBHmassbins. Thespectrawerenormalizedbyapowerlawcontinuumfit. The horizontaldashedlinesindicatethecontinuumlevelfortheindi- vidualnormalizedcompositespectra,whichwereverticallyshifted forbetterdisplay. Thenormalizedcontinuumstrengthisshownfor thespectrumatthebottomofthefigure. Thissameverticalscale appliestoallotherspectra,althoughthetickmarksfor’0’andT’ arenotlabelled. ThemeanSMBHmassofeachspectraislistedto theright. TheBaldwinEffectisclearlyseeninthesespectra. ... 30 3-2 SameasFig. 3-1,butwithanexpandedverticalscaletodisplaythe dependenceoftherelativestrengthofweakeremissionlinesasa functionofSMBHmass. Strongemissionlineswithflattopsare truncatedforeasierdisplay 31 IX 3-3 Muslitoin-clionmepso(njeangtgeGdausoslsiidacnurfivtess)(sfmooroathcosmopliodsictuervseps)ecttoruombsoefrvMed~emis- 10®M©. Thecontinuumisnormalizedbyapowerlawcontinuum fit. Thecontinuum(atunity)andcompositelinefitsareplotted. TheindividualGaussiancomponentsofthefitsareshownforthe fittoNIII]asdottedlines. Intheotherpanels,thedashedanddot- tedlinesrepresentthesumcontributionofeachlabelledemission line. Thereisanunidentifiedbumpat~1070Athatisnotattributed toOvi(seeHamannetal. 1998) 32 3-4 GomparisonofthemeasuredFWHMofGivtothatofH(3forallob- jectsinoursamplewithobservationsofbothlines. Infivecases, obviousnarrowH(3emissionwassubtractedpriortomeasuringits FWHM.Theopenboxesrepresentfivecompositespectracreated fromobjectsinselectedrangesofSMBHmass. Theerrorbarsdrawn ontheboxesrepresentthe±larangesfortheFWHMsofCiv andH0forthesecompositespectra. Thefilleddiamondsrepre- sentaveragesofobjectsinselectedrangesofCivFWHM(<2000 km/s,2000-3000km/s,3000-4000km/s,and4000 6000km/s). Thedottedlineisa1:1ratioandthedashedlineistheexpected ratioofFWHM(Civ)= FWHM(W/?) 36 3-5 ComparisonoftheSMBHmassderivedfromCivtothatderivedfrom HPforallobjectsinoursamplewithobservationsofbothlines. ThefilleddiamondsrepresentaveragesofobjectsinselectedSMBH massranges. Thedottedlineisa1:1ratio(theRMSscatterabout the1:1relationshipis0.39fortheindividualobjectsand0.17for theaverages). Forcompositespectraofmanyobjects,bothmeth- odsyieldapproximatelythesamemass 37 3-6 RedshiftdistributionoftheAGNsampleasafunctionofSMBHmass. Thefilleddiamondsrepresentradio-quietquasarsandtheopendi- amondsrepresentradio-loudquasars. Thereisclearlynotrendin SMBHmasswithredshift(forz 0.3) 38 3-7 ContinuumluminosityversusSMBHmass. Thereisaverystrong correlationwithlittlescatter. SymbolsasinFig. 3-6 39 3-8 TheFWHMofCivversusSMBHmass. Atrendisseen,butwitha largeamountofscatter. SymbolsasinFig. 3-6 39 3-9 EmissionlineequivalentwidthsasafunctionofSMBHmass. Wecal- culatedlinearfitstotheEWsfortheentireSMBHmassrangeus- ingachi-squareminimizationroutine(dottedlines). Theslopesof thesefitsaregivenintheupperrighthandcornerofeachplot. . . 41 X