Bivalve Filter Feeders: in Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystem Processes PDF
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Bivalve Filter Feeders in Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystem Processes NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and Kluwer Academic Publishers Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London D Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Springer-Verlag Systems Sciences Berlin Heidelberg New York G Ecological Sciences London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong H Cell Biology Barcelona Budapest I Global Environmental Change NATo-pea DATABASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 30000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO DATABASE compiled by the NATO Publication Coordination Office is possible in two ways: -via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO DATABASE) hosted by ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, 1-00044 Frascati, Italy. -via CD-ROM "NATO Science & Technology Disk" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German (© WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1992). The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium. Series G: Ecological Sciences, Vol. 33 Bivalve Filter Feeders in Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystem Processes Edited by Richard F Dame Marine Science Department Coastal Carolina University P. O. Box 1954 Conway, SC 29526, USA Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on The Role of Bivalve Filter Feeders in Marine Ecosystem Processes, held at Renesse, The Netherlands, November 30 to December 4, 1992 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Bivalve filter feeders in estuarine and coastal ecosystem processes / edited by Richard F. Dame. p. cm. - (Nato ASI series. Series G, Ecological sciences; vol. 33) "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Role of Bivalve Filter Feeders in Marine Ecosystem Processes, held at Renesse, The Netherlands, November 30 to December 4, 1992" - T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN-13: 978-3-642-78355-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-78353-1 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-78353-1 1. Bivalve-Ecology-Congresses. 2. Bivalve-Food-Congresses. 3. Estuarine ecology-Congresses. 4. Coastal ecology-Congresses. I. Dame, Richard F. II. NATO Advance Research Workshop on the Role of Bivalve Filter Feeders in Marine Ecosystem Processes (1992: Renesse, Netherlands) III. Series: NATO ASI series. Series G, Ecological sciences; no. 33. QL430.6.B57 1993 594'.11045-dc20 93-28010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcast ing, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1993 Typesetting: Camera ready by authors 31/3145 -5 4321 0 -Printed on acid-free paper TABLE OF CONTENTS FEEDING PHYSIOLOGY OF BIVALVES: TIME DEPENDENCE AND COMPENSATION FOR CHANGES IN FOOD AVAILABILITY 1 Brian L. Ba¥ne INFAUNAL FILTER-FEEDING BIVALVES AND THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO SHORT-TERM FLUCTUATIONS IN FOOD AVAILABILITY AND COMPOSITION 25 Enrique Navarro and Juan I. P. Iglesias PHYTOPLANKTON-MUSSEL BED INTERACTIONS IN INTERTIDAL ECOSYSTEMS 57 Harold Asmus and Ragnhild M. Asmus GRAZING OF NATURAL PARTICULATES BY BIVALVE MOLLUSCS: A SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PERSPECTIVE 85 Carter R. Newell and Sandra E. Shumway INVERTEBRATE PREDATORS AND THEIR ROLE IN STRUCTURING COASTAL AND ESTUARINE POPULATIONS OF FILTER FEEDING BIVALVES 149 Raymond Seed THE IMPACT OF BIRD PREDATION ON MARINE AND ESTUARINE BIVALVE POPULATIONS: A SELECTIVE REVIEW OF PATTERNS AND UNDERLYING CAUSES 197 Patrick Meire THE ROLE OF BIVALVE FILTER FEEDER MATERIAL FLUXES IN ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEMS 245 Richard F. Dame THE UPTAKE OF ORGANIC MATTER AND THE RELEASE OF INORGANIC NUTRIENTS BY BIVALVE SUSPENSION FEEDER BEDS 271 Aat C. Smaal and Theo C. Prins HYDRODYNAMIC CONTROL OF BIVALVE FILTER FEEDERS: A CONCEPTUAL VIEW 299 David J. Wildish and David D. Kristmanson BIVALVE FEEDING AND THE BENTHIC BOUNDARY LAYER 325 Marcel Frechette, Denis Lefaivre and Cheryl A. Butman PERSPECTIVES ON FIELD STUDIES AND RELATED BIOLOGICAL MODELS OF BIVALVE GROWTH AND CARRYING CAPACITY 371 Jon Grant, Michael Dowd, Keith Thompson, Craig Emerson and Annamarie Hatcher A SET OF MODELS TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF BENTHIC SUSPENSION FEEDERS IN ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEMS 421 Peter M. J. Herman WHY CARRYING CAPACITY MODELS ARE USEFUL TOOLS FOR MANAGEMENT OF BIVALVE MOLLUSCS CULTURE 455 Maurice Hera1 INTEGRATED ESTUARINE MANAGEMENT - OBTAINING A SUSTAINABLE YIELD OF BIVALVE RESOURCES WHILE MAINTAINING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 479 Norbert Dankers POSTER ABSTRACTS 513 WORKING GROUP REPORTS: PHYSIOLOGY AND GRAZING 535 PREDATION AND POPULATION DYNAMICS 539 MATERIAL PROCESSING 543 MODELLING 549 PHYSICAL FACTORS 557 THE ROLE OF SCIENTISTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS 561 BIVALVE FILTER FEEDERS AND ESTUARINE AND COASTAL ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES: CONCLUSIONS 565 INDEX 571 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: The editor is grateful for the efforts of the steering committee of B. Bayne, N. Dankers, J. Grant, M. Heral, and A. Smaal in preparing the workshop proposal and identifying speakers and participants. Aat Smaal and Theo Prins were particularly helpful with the local arrangements at Slot Moermond, Renesse, The Netherlands. Finally, I wish to thank Amanda M. Dame for her untiring support of this project and the supervision of the final indexing. FEEDING PHYSIOLOGY OF BIVALVES: TIME-DEPENDENCE AND COMPENSATION FOR CHANGES IN FOOD AVAILABILITY Brian L Bayne, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH United Kingdom INTRODUCTION In spite of considerable experimental and observational study over many years, controversies and uncertainties still exist concerning fundamental features of feeding behaviour in suspension-feeding bivalves (Bayne and Newell, 1983; Griffiths and Griffiths, 1987; J0rgensen, 1991). These include uncertainties over the mechanisms of particle capture (J0rgensen, 1983; Silvester and Sleigh, 1984; Shimeta and Jumars, 1991; Ward et al., 1991) and controversy over the role of physiological processes in determining feeding behaviour (Bayne et al., 1988; J0rgensen, 1991; Iglesias et al., 1992). This paper addresses the second of these topics and suggests that physiological and behavioural compensations for changes in the food environment are important elements for a full understanding of suspension-feeding. This is not to deny the significance of physical constraints on feeding, such as the viscocity of the medium, or frictional forces influencing water flows within the mantle cavity, but rather to argue that behavioural and physiological flexibility in aspects of particle capture, sorting, digestion and absorption are also important. Since physiological traits are inherently time dependent, it follows that feeding in bivalves should be viewed as a linked series of processes with different time-constants, coupled to relevant time-scales of change in the environmental availability of food. Early studies of feeding in bivalves concentrated upon the effects of key environmental variables (temperature, salinity, the concentration of suspended particles) and of body size on feeding rate (Winter, 1978). More recent investigations have NATO AS! Series, Yol. G 33 Bivalve Filter Feeders in Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystem Processes Edited by Richard F. Dame © Springer·Yeriag Berlin Heidelberg 1993 2 become concerned with the role of particle type (or Dfood quality") and of past feeding history on interpretations of present feeding behaviour (Bayne et al., 1987). The result is an extensive but empirical data base on feeding response to environmental change. In parallel with such studies have been attempts to model feeding behaviour, either as statistical fits to experimental data (eg Ross and Nisbet, 1990), or in terms of postulated physical mechanisms of feeding (Shimata and Jumars, 1991) or of optimality models based on assumptions of Dtrade off" amongst physiological traits (Willows, 1992). All such models have a role to play in an analysis of feeding behaviour, but those which are to be most effective will recognise the existence of both physical and physiological influences on feeding behaviour, set in the context of response to the considerable spatial and temporal variability within the natural food environment. I will consider the results of some recent studies on feeding behaviour in relation to three scales of temporal variability, and one of spatial variability, in food availability: short-term changes typical of tidal effects and patchiness; Devent-scale" changes typical of the initiation and decline of plankton blooms; seasonal changes, as between winter and summer in temperate environments; and differences between habitats in the composition of the seston. It is the extent to which the time constants of changes in feeding behaviour are themselves linked to the time scales of environmental change that are of most interest. When these processes are viewed in their totality, it is the coupling of physiological and morphological processes that can be seen to comprise and to control integrated feeding behaviour. SHORT-TERM CHANGES IN FOOD QUANTITY AND QUALITY These are the changes typical of tidal effects within estuaries and coastal seas, brought about by tidal resuspension and deposition of sediments, particulate detritus, benthic diatoms and the like, patchiness in plankton abundance within 3 the water column, and the activities of populations of bivalves themselves, causing local depletion of food. Variability at this scale may be considerable, seston concentrations fluctuating over a range in excess of the seasonal cycle in mean concentration, with large changes also in particle quality, measured as organic content, or concentration of chlorophyll a. 10 A ... .-.r-: CD +..-.' ctl Q) () c ... ctl 0.1 ctl Q) pseudofaeces (3 >- 0.01 100 ... B .-.r-: 10 C') E E 1 Q) +..-.' ctl 0.1 c 0 :0:; ~ 0.01 .:!::: u::: I I I I 0.01 0.1 10 100 Particle concentration: mm3/1 Fig. 1. A: Rates of clearance of Phaeodactylum tricornutum cells at different concentrations by Mytilus edulisi the concentration range at which pseudofaeces were produced is indicated by an arrow. Note logarithmic scalesi error bars are 2 x standard errors. B: Rates of filtration calculated as clearance x particle concentration. Mussels were 39.1±7.6 mg dry flesh weight, at 9.5±O.8C. Given appropriate scaling for body size, 1 1 h-1 clearance rate by these animals is equivalent to 8.8 1 h-1 per gram dry flesh weight.
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