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Birds of North America, 2nd Edition PDF

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BI R DS O F N O R T H A M E R I C A 001_US_Birds_of_NA.indd 1 19/04/16 12:45 pm 002-003_US_Birds_of_NA.indd 2 19/04/16 12:45 pm BIRDS O F N O R T H A M E R I C A 002-003_US_Birds_of_NA.indd 3 19/04/16 12:45 pm Designers First American Edition, 2009 Pallavi Narain, Mahua Mandal, This revised edition published Govind Mittal in 2016 in the United States by Editors DK Publishing Aakriti Singhal, Alicia Ingty, Pankhoori Sinha, Kingshuk Ghoshal 345 Hudson Street AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY DTP Co-ordinator New York, New York 10014 Balwant Singh Editor-in-chief Copyright © 2009, 2016 Dorling Kindersley Limited François Vuilleumier DTP Designers DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC Consultant (2nd Edition) Harish Aggarwal, Dheeraj Arora, Jagtar Singh, Preetam Singh 16 17 18 19 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Paul Sweet Art Director 001 —288637—September 2016 Global Business Development Sharon Stulberg, Elizabeth Hormann Shefali Upadhyay All rights reserved. Head of Publishing Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved DEDICATION Aparna Sharma above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in We dedicate this book to the memory of John Bull, John FOR REVISED EDITION or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any Farrand, and Stuart Keith, top form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, birders, field guide authors, DK LONDON recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission AMNH colleagues, first-rate of the copyright owner. Project Editor ornithologists, and friends. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. Miezan van Zyl DORLING KINDERSLEY Senior Art Editor A catalog record for this book is available from the Library Ina Stradins of Congress. Senior Art Editors US Editor Caroline Hill, Ina Stradins Jill Hamilton ISBN 978-1-4654-4399-1 Senior Editor Angeles Gavira Guerrero Managing Editor DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in US Senior Editor Angeles Gavira Guerrero bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or Jill Hamilton Manading Art Editor educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Project Editor Michael Duffy Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Nathan Joyce Jacket Design Development [email protected] Designers Manager Sophia MTT Sonia Barbate, Helen McTeer Senior Jacket Designer Printed in China Editors Mark Cavanagh Jamie Ambrose, Lori Baird, Tamlyn Jacket Editor A WORLD OF IDEAS: Calitz, Marcus Hardy, Patrick Newman, Claire Gell SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW Siobhan O’Connor, David Summers, Pre-production Producer www.dk.com Miezan van Zyl, Rebecca Warren Luca Frassinetti Design Assistant Producer Becky Tennant Luca Bazzoli CONTRIBUTORS Editorial Assistants Associate Publishing Director Elizabeth Munsey, Jaime Tenreiro Liz Wheeler David Bird Rob Hume Map Editor Creative Technical Support Publishing Director Nicholas Thomas Brodie Paul Lehman John Goldsmid Jonathan L. Block Johnson Production Editor Art Director Peter Capainolo Kevin T. Karlson Project Maria Elia Karen Self Matthew Stephen Kress Coordinator Production Controller Joseph Cormons William Rita Sinha DK INDIA DiCostanzo Malcolm Moskoff Jacket Designer Assistant Editor Coulter Bill Pranty Mark Cavanagh Isha Sharma Joseph Michael L.P. Illustratrors Project Art Editor DiCostanzo Retter John Cox, Andrew Mackay Divya PR Shawneen Noah Strycker Picture Editor Senior Editor Finnegan Paul Sweet Neil Fletcher Dharini Ganesh Picture Researchers Senior Editorial Manager Neil Fletcher Rodger Laura Barwick, Will Jones Rohan Sinha Ted Floyd Titman Managing Art Editor Managing Art Editor Jeff Groth Elissa Wolfson Phil Ormerod Anjana Nair Paul Hess Managing Editor Jacket Designer Brian Hiller Sarah Larter Surabhi Wadhwa Publishing Manager Managing Jackets Editor Liz Wheeler Saloni Singh Art Director Picture Researcher Bryn Walls Sakshi Saluja Publisher Manager Picture Research Jonathan Metcalf Taiyaba Khatoon DTP Designers DK INDIA Rajesh Singh Adhikari, Anita Yadav Design Manager Senior DTP Designer Romi Chakraborty Harish Aggarwal Editorial Manager Pre-production Manager Glenda Fernandes Balwant Singh Project Designer Production Manager Malavika Talukder Pankaj Sharma 004-005_US_Birds_of_NA.indd 4 12/05/16 4:27 pm CONTENTS HOW THIS BOOK WORKS 6 SWIFTS AND HUMMINGBIRDS 348 EVOLUTION 8 TROGONS AND KINGFISHERS 368 ANATOMY AND FLIGHT 10 WOODPECKERS 373 MIGRATION 12 FALCONS AND CARACARAS 396 COURTSHIP AND MATING 14 PARAKEETS AND PARROTS 403 NESTS AND EGGS 16 NEW WORLD FLYCATCHERS 407 IDENTIFICATION 18 VIREOS, JAYS AND CROWS 442 SPECIES GUIDE 20 SWALLOWS, CHICKADEES AND TITMICE 474 NUTHATCHES AND WRENS 497 DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS 21 THRUSHES, THRASHERS, WAGTAILS QUAILS, GROUSE, TURKEYS, AND RELATIVES 66 AND PIPITS 521 LOONS 90 LONGSPURS AND SNOW BUNTINGS 555 GREBES 96 WOOD WARBLERS 561 TUBENOSES 104 AMERICAN SPARROWS, CARDINALS STORKS, FRIGATEBIRDS, GANNETS, AND RELATIVES 611 CORMORANTS, AND ANHINGAS 124 ORIOLES AND BLACKBIRDS 668 PELICANS, HERONS, IBISES, AND RELATIVES 135 FINCHES 690 HAWKS, EAGLES, VULTURES, AND RELATIVES 154 OLD WORLD SPARROWS 707 RAILS, CRANES, AND RELATIVES 181 RARE SPECIES 710 SHOREBIRDS, GULLS, AUKS, AND RELATIVES 195 VAGRANTS 728 PIGEONS AND DOVES 305 CUCKOOS 315 Glossary 736 OWLS 321 Index 739 NIGHTJARS 340 Acknowledgments 751 AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF The American Museum of Natural History, founded in 1869, is Lifelong studies of birds make François Vuilleumier uniquely qualified one of the world’s preeminent scientific, educational, and cultural to be Editor-in-Chief of Birds of North America. After obtaining a Ph.D. institutions. The Museum encompasses 45 permanent exhibition at Harvard University, he started a long association with the American halls, including the Rose Center for Earth and Space and the Museum of Natural History in New York City. Past Chairman of the Hayden Planetarium, as well as galleries for temporary exhibitions. Department of Ornithology, he is now Curator Emeritus. His research The Museum’s five active research divisions and three cross- has taken him all over the world, especially South America. Author of disciplinary centers support approximately 200 scientists, whose about 250 papers and one book, Dr. Vuilleumier taught ornithology at work draws on a world-class permanent collection of more than the College of the Atlantic, Bar Harbor, Maine. He has watched birds 33 million specimens and artifacts, as well as specialized collections from the Canadian High Arctic and south to Mexico. His life list is for frozen tissue and genomic and astrophysical data, and one of the about 4,000 species, and he is familiar in the field with all but a handful largest natural history libraries in the world. Annual attendance has of the species treated in this book. grown to approximately 5 million, and the Museum’s exhibitions and Space Shows can be seen in venues on five continents. The CONSULTANT Museum’s website and collection of apps for mobile devices extend Paul Sweet was born in Bristol, England, and has been interested in its collections, exhibitions, and educational programs to millions natural history for as long as he can remember. After completing a more beyond its walls. Visit amnh.org for more information. degree in zoology at the University of Liverpool, he worked at the Raffles Museum in Singapore. In 1991 he moved to the American Museum of Natural History, where he is now the Collection Manager of the Ornithology Department, the largest bird collection in the world. 004-005_US_Birds_of_NA.indd 5 12/05/16 4:27 pm s HOW THIS BOOK WORKS k r o w k o This guide covers just under 900 North American o b s bird species. The species are organized into three COMMON SPECIES hi The main section of the book features the t sections—the first profiles common North American w 659 most commonly seen bird species in o species, with each given full-page treatment; the H the North American region. Each entry second covers rarer birds in quarter-page entries; is clear and detailed, following the same the third section consists of a list of rare visitors. easy-to-access structure. GROUP NAME INTRODUCTION The common name of the group The species are organized each species belongs to is at the ds Order Passeriformes Family Icteridae Species Icterus galbula conventionally by order, family, top of each page. bir Baltimore Oriole and genus. This means that related Black ba igrdros uapp pienatrro tdougcettihoenr., Tprheec ebdoeodk by CINO FMLMIGOHNT NAME Orioles and baotanlraiadlcn kg e wblhacitke -wedinggesd oyerallnogwe -head black head follows the most up-to-date avian Illustrations show the bird in black back classification system, based on the flight, from above and/or below— orange-yellow MALE shoulder patch (1ST FALL) latest scientific research. differences of season, age, or sex MALE sbtlruaeig-ht are not always visible. gray bill IN FLIGHT orange black DESCRIPTION rump upper Orioles and Blackbirds FaTmoesaso OGamOmponnvcfeoiRde eledlcnicyr mcrtue oeoIIayis dHrOcrretormbRa atoriEsyhlenvceLliw p yrnariIgeroEiCa eaasbedrgrrl rSvTr seia da piaitIebc Efeor taltroyaRuyeeiotlegOlvm eh I lmncitDeelsanhoaoi lxSvzgt wy am ecotNiee tord o,d x oeLme taroarebrmhl—xa strymochetibt e hsnhE otft pthsverbuo s lseAoaa ogilt iasanfnmchrfmtymSc u od cc skn teo atoot owbhesshrnm nhltsiietoe iArctarge idi dadra nw nv,sseesb. tp ign.Tssoinibe,np reNncOehrcgdrsiadao eeetsrbnri.aes li lnl ootdaIryt,gctelf n, eDsu kn,s i dl e a sr e BBAlpaabstmotfdMaohhodporunrsLroeemidpg Eir lms tnstAl eiebheLhetiAnttala o rC eeyegnaranoeD ida n rutretctKcmne hl hAmdOoobyin cemBeaiiv niaengeiWlcmrerml.tIp r rgos irIRoNa nrose lcCeaettsouLedntri neoDsoersesn sAgadt euiirantsb vSnd igm oatR.tdeia h sgarnKd afs ldeiKset,i,sal ien ss sagr t rSeknhs d, d tfBt ehaitsh SAddgaiUelIstrrphrkBolos,aR ,Tuut yhagspLe nhaE Cdo i btosB fe mt DapRhbulmuieItrmLoiifdnruLa s lgI Gl iAoSeriris adnNi sce gkCs lc,e Ee n ce. CeiVAcwnaso OhcsdlnlleesueIvrn sdCaeetci nyinrEpasidgpol t:tcsshihsooeiannb mrg laeosac.f, tigtnehir vfe eoe asnf pt tupehrhceeio essn spae’e nt cidcie asll y yruebofmellrlaaoapcttnwhwkg- eoeotra lsoi ivl uewt eitrh t aioul lpivpee rparts puanldee orpraanrtgse MALE ournadnegrep abrrtesast ctoo mNmorotnh Atrompeirciacla t. oT hsuebirt rionptricicaal tsee ahsaonngailn mg ingersatns ts TEahseterer na raen jdu Wst etwsteor nsp Mecieeasd ionw tlhairsk g, brouut pt,h tehye are wing bars awtoreelea arvnainn icgme. Mpforeors sshti vusepm ecaconimes,s babi nocoaatsmito ban im noaeft lieoondngi oitnhueaste srmoinnaggk eaasnn dd nacpoeavurentr)tt.r hyBe, ilbredossst hod ifss potiepncecientis v e (although difficult to tell NESTING FEMALE tChOemW poBpIuRlaDr tShroughout their range. hbwraiivtgheh aat- cbyhelaalclrokawc bt eicbrhi seatnsitcd a The type of nest and its usual location; The Baltimore Oriole’s brilliant colors are familiar to many Tliftanohyh ueN einersgd oetg rh isstni thcir n kNiac ntbtohldiyrle tl S hpnao anAeurdsamtt hssdi e toAairrfcim kc cb,a leoi irrarsdiiredces ae tr.hos eAca ae3vldlne0 itt 0lh byp r edlieeudiefnmef e snkpratengeinfceoite.iw edsspn be tyco ie s sBAvmwo IaMiGcneeeye Va irtsduO oarsaIiw dnlC lelagaEfrinikn nd’isnsg cgma vfepeloeoastdi.uc ioreeu. sin tnhuem nbuemr boef rb orof oedgsg isn i na aye calur;t cthhe; the hnuesmtinainng s,e . baTsuthte irDsn su pNteccohire tEsh l omArm igdeiinsreiacalaslye b fdeaecvcaouirmseeda tt ehthdise t bAhiermdse ei rst irsceoae nst.o TElelhrmean ofto rorio f le dFoLwIGnsHtroTk:e ss tdrounrign gw fitlihg hrat ppirdo wvidineg g breeaatt sp; ofuwlle r. NTBinhatEelot C immthTaoegAr benR aiOfsi cerLie ooOnlfet Vl ayin EcfsloRoelwro trsee rid,t st a bkiilnl g breeding season. htaalsl tsrienecse aasd naepstteidn gt os iutessi.n Igt ss yabcailmityo rteos , ucsoet tsounbuwroboadns ,g aanrdde nost haenrd tinh ep onlelicntaatr,i obnu.t playing no part parks has helped expand its range to incorporate areas densely FEEDING occupied by humans. How, where, and what the VOICE Loud, clear, melodious song comprising several short notes in series, often of varying lengths. species feeds on. NESTING Round-bottomed basket usually woven of grass, hung toward the end of branches; 4–5 eggs; 1 brood; May–July. PERFECT FOR FORAGING SIMILAR SPECIES FEEDING Hops or flits among leaves and branches picking insects The Baltimore Oriole forages alone in dense Similar-looking species are identified and spiders; fond of caterpillars; also eats fruit and sips nectar. foliage of trees and bushes or on the ground. 668 OCCURRENCE and key differences pointed out. SIMILAR SPECIES Forest edges and tall, open ORCHARD ORIOLE BULLOCK’S ORIOLE black mixed hardwoods, especially LENGHT, WINGSPAN, see p.683 see p.685 eyeline close to rivers; regularly uses MAPS AND WEIGHT doaverkraelrl ibnlcaockm hpoleotde orange faonrde suterbda pna arkresa, ss uwbiuthrb an Length is tip of tail to tip of bill; chestnut cheeks abundant tall trees. Small colored huge numbers winter in southeastern In this book, North America is the region measurements are averages or ranges. belly wpahticthe US and Florida, but most birds move to Mexico, Colombia, from the southern tip of Florida and the US– and Venezuela. SOCIAL Mexico border to the Canadian High Arctic. The social unit the species is Length 8–10in (20–26cm) Wingspan 10–12in (26–30cm) Weight 11⁄16–11⁄4oz (30–35g) Each profile includes a map showing the usually found in. 688 Social Solitary/Pairs Lifespan Up to 11 years Status Secure range of the species, with colors reflecting seasonal movements. LIFESPAN The average or maximum life KEY expectancy. Resident all year STATUS MAPS SYMBOLS S ummer The conservation status of the species; See panel, left. The distribution the symbol (p) means the data available occurrence caption 2 Male 9 Spring Winter can only suggest a provisional status. describes the bird’s distribution The term “Localized” suggests that the 1 Female 8 Summer preferred habitats and S een on species may be widespread but 5 Juvenile 6 Autumn range within the North migration restricted to smaller areas of suitable 4 Immature 7 Winter American region. habitat and climatic conditions. 6 006-007_US_Birds_of_NA.indd 6 19/04/16 2:14 pm H RARE SPECIES o w Over 60 less common CTpfahrLmoevA itlioydS,pe Sas bnI tFadhnI esCd ps AeocicfTe ieenIsatO icfnhiNca meonredtsre y(r ,s e e aSWsRfwpfOVFsoouaonaAOmCebuliutrdilclDiCdIutonltrl yaCs-hwUerw Ud ,eIk bEowcsLht RptinaToh faneea nrRoenerCsrgek itow ddElg-a byautaw adN-nlhot erlt rhhC d hefslabawaiedtrn enEerre obleeneraatrdy uae.r l nnsb yeDkc.pgccd les aCheooirekdcnty lmrkaiiCo, e tn eltbirimrhvegfer doenei udossohur ts enc USnrrenhvShaapaO adeiytsrenfSladreeror cgA e. seoriy eaanTceptas mrnnm- ra.k ohcIudrdcih-c tei tbs sborsecrso,o r aaoiuupouccslus-naiatke corpth mhekhbmattunehrodnlsseioaaarr,tsd rooculnsCOta lnkk-alayn ac tkM ort hdAusaisr eostrebeaeeilxlez tneio c iainsonn a d rsMAli2OVFavPonoaani0rOm Ctsotndic,tiebi0tklCIgll reyoCocSi0i b Ul;nCar sotE0rt eK. aRg yetf r Ml oi wafeeecrRnISeFwnaep dshaadSnEarllldfsbes iatiairtttiat,oN gihyat onvttr.deun iMheciwhesL tiaCdpvkraddr’tieteupevsysas kE c uw .B wc mee ss Kg o aha r u ropBtwrlflBIoaaasle nn sy, yti rarlnal th aa ’etursi c nnenb embeB dddlgunw euu Is,z .bi sswinniztlidrnact e;iSien it atepnhnrshldeodp gec scrwi a ge enBknosahu ydePndi mlr c e atitachrhnwbtner egeoaido t rps S s hsoio eisefcmoanenc.lwa aiaHOxltsea eihrracody- lcnptl haieaIssraslliblalnoyaon nnr deadusl s. Orioles and Blackbirds/Longspurs/American Sparrows bpioscneoiprcr d.ntdt7ehiss1oire s a0n turs –,eaos 7tem fhpd2 oeer 7eisn .neg sAee r etnorchnrtuleaeetpr ndami rg e oesa nidn this book works F(NEOMNABLREE EDING) glossary, pp.736–38 for full Length 8 –9in (20 –23cm) Wingspan 10 –12in (25–30cm) Length 6¾ in (17cm) Wingspan 14in (36cm) photograph of the definitions of these terms). Family Emberizidae Species Amphispiza quinquestriata Family Emberizidae Species Sporophila torqueola species accompanied Five-striped Sparrow White-collared Seedeater Tbrheee dFiinvge -ssptarriproewd sS ipna rNroowrt his Aonmee roifc ath, ew ritahre pste rohf aaplls Abrse emda niny tarso p4i0c aslp Aecmieesr oicfa S, bpourto pohnillya steheed Weahteitre m-ay by a description of as few as 100 pairs in total, all of which are found collared Seedeater is found as far north as the US. only in southern Arizona. While females have an unremarkable appearance, CBAONLODR OslsolooCcupaCtelVhlUsywO, RuciaInhRCpr di EEsrt ooN tp ou sCCa t, ChbEtaieol hnlr u iBnkaht l ruAi6lenoa,er5wghdiz0sus ,o0 taoaunf ntanra pnd(, 2s;dt t h,te s0rSoeei0onpln0ln, sg mm ao iranro)i a dtsra eee ibmrn rosci poevoMeesum r enossmxetefaai dcomi n lonewu .vl ysieit lch; a l ssmOVfroeoOCranmilCIgeeCs sUs aE hooR sau fRwvC twehEea eNehallat iCsd,ss ttEgaiels eo rtn insWlna d Tcsfeatieeinlxv dcweayhs i b n-fslioklaei!uckl dketahs- n, awdann adwrd-dh wm eteohar ir!Pt;se ha nyp algumrmaas.asglaen.ds, the bird. oles and Blackbirds OBbaordnlraaedcnr k gP aea ssletrifiormmeswb lhaocitke -werdingegesd OFarmilyi Iocterlideae oyerallnogwe -head Specibelsa cIckt heeruads galbula Tbtoaohrafe pene dcaainoscnf hldoao trreb- mntcohotatredttyo ie omdn Lengtwbhe h l6liytien (1s5eccmo)n d-lonouglpiv ppee-arbpuraosrWewtssinn.g spAanD 8UiwsohnLtneT rh(ia gu2pitd0rneeacds ym e )rparts aLennF(dgBEt RhMt Er 4AiEl½buDLlsuniEI.n fdN f(eyG1r bu1p)rpcaomprwte)s rnp arts Wingspan 6¼ in (16cm) 727 Ori tail for each family. black back VAGRANTS oshraonugldee-yr epllaotwch (M1SATL EF A LL) straight Vagrants TtHhEa Lt ISoTc TcHuAr To FnOlyLL vOeWryS CrOarNeSlyIS TinS ONF osprtehc ies breya cah s earlmieso ostf ailsll atnhdes w, tahye aAclreoustsi athnes, Bthearti ng MALE blue- PHOTOGRAPHS Acomnetirniecan t(adl eUfinSe).d V aags rCanantsa tdoa Nanodr tthh eA merica SeaT htoe Soicbceurriare. nce of these species is gray bill These illustrate the species in different views and aHrreimvei sfprhoemre bs—othp atrhteic uNlaorrltyh Seribne arniad, aSnodu oththerenr cAlasssosicfiieadti obny atsh era Arem, cearsiucaaln, oBri radcicnidge ntal IN FLIGHT parts of Russia, and Mexico, as well as depending on how often they have been oruramnpge bulpapcekr plumage variations. Significant differences relating Eapnluadrc oeOpde ct,e oCa nreeinac.te rTiavhle ea b nUidr dSSs oa tnuhdtah tC Aaarmen aebdrloaic waar,n eA owfrffei clla , scbeoiermdns,m aanreend t s tesheeincs t tieeovrnemr oyinn yo eelaaorcg, hyb usipst euicnsi eeldos. w iRn atrhee breast to age, sex, and season (breeding/nonbreeding) are course from eastern Asia, mainly crossing the numbers. Casual visitors have been seen in black tail with Bering Sea in the Pacific, and from Europe North America at least half a dozen times, oferaatnhgeer souter tail orange shown and the images labeled accordingly; if there is aAonfl davs aAkgafr rahincaatss , acb rpeoacsrastuiincsgeu lttahhreely Aw hteilgsatnhet ricnco. nWticpee sinstte rfroantri mone d iACncaccnluiadddeiann ogta rlt htshpreeee cU iseiSsg hhntaoivn emg sbo iernee n tth hreea nclao fsritdv 3ee0 dt iyminee ars.s. underparts no variation, the images have no label. Unless stated COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY/SCIENTIFIC NAME DESCRIPTION yruemllopw-olive oulpivpee rparts MALE otherwise, the bird shown is an adult. DT T uauingcdkars aB, eGBaeenae-nsGe-oG, ooasonesd e S wans A Annsseerr sfearbrairloiss tris A Annaattiiddaaee//GGeeeessee tRNc Rooaao arrSreestWth vvCe iiAssraiinlnttaoo aEsrrkdu ffaarrro ooapmmned RNt Uou A SsPssaiiaac i af incd FLIGHT PATTERNS Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus Anatidae/Geese A CIcatelslauannatldi cf, racoonmads GtEurereonplea ntod , pale orange This feature illustrates and briefly describes the way the L esser White-fronted Goose A nser erythropus A natidae/Geese AAanctlcdai dnUetSinct caol afrsot mof ECuarnaasidaa t o two underparts species flies. See panel below. Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis Anatidae/Geese NP Cra oEsuvuiranolc pfereso ,t mCoa Gtnhraeed eMan,a laarnnitddim UaenS d wing bars Common Pochard Aythya ferina Anatidae/Ducks Rceanretr avils Aitsoira ftroo mW EAulraospkae and FEMALE Falcated Duck Anas falcata Anatidae/Ducks Casual from Asia to W Alaska The Baltimore Oriole’s brilliant colors are familiar to many VAGRANTS BEaasiktearl nT eSaplo t-billed Duck AAnnaass fzoornmoorhsay n cha AAnnaattiiddaaee//DDuucckkss SWp A CWras oisAa uvAnliaanl lasdc kfseurkascoa kaam;nn cddEa siAsnutsa aiwtale eitsnso t e rn in eastern North America because this bird is so tolerant of FLIGHT: strong with rapid wing beats; full Very rare visitors and peripheral bird White-cheeked Pintail Anas bahamensis Anatidae/Ducks Ctoa sFuloarl ifdrao man tdh eth Cea Griublbf ecaona st hnhueassm tsiinanngcs, e. bT auhdt iaDsp stupetedcc htioe Es ulomsrin igdgii nsseyaalcslayem fdaoevrcoeirmse, dact oetthdteo t nAhwemsoeeo rtdirces,ae nas.n TEdlh moet hofoerrrio le downstrokes during flight provide great power. species are listed at the back of the book TW Y ueabllnoedwneo-rnsineogsse Adl bAalbtraotsrso ss Dc Thhiolaomlraoesrsdhaeryacnh ceehx ou sla ns D Diioommeeddeeiiddaaee//AAllbbaattrroosssseess S ASaC onacAucdstuit dlGhaaeenlu nrftltnfrica o c Hlmoo fecar emIosnatmisdnsip sao htncoee a raAenntdsla on ft ic tall trees as nesting sites. Its ability to use suburban gardens and with a brief description, including where 728 White-capped Albatross Thalassarche cauta Diomedeidae/Albatrosses CSoausutha lP taoc iPfaiccific coast from parks has helped expand its range to incorporate areas densely the species is from. occupied by humans. VOICE Loud, clear, melodious song comprising several short notes in series, often of varying lengths. NESTING Round-bottomed basket usually woven of grass, hung FLIGHT PATTERNS toward the end of branches; 4–5 eggs; 1 brood; May–July. PERFECT FOR FORAGING FEEDING Hops or flits among leaves and branches picking insects The Baltimore Oriole forages alone in dense and spiders; fond of caterpillars; also eats fruit and sips nectar. foliage of trees and bushes or on the ground. Simple line diagrams are used to illustrate eight OCCURRENCE basic flight patterns. SIMILAR SPECIES Forest edges and tall, open Sparrowhawk-like: straight, with several quick, OseReC pH.6A8R3D ORIOLE BseUeL LpO.6C8K5’S ORIOLE beylaeclikn e mcloixseed t oh arrivdewrso;o rdesg,u elasprleyc uiaslelys deep beats between short, flat glides. doaverkraelrl ibnlcaockm hpoleotde orange faonrde suterbda pna arkresa, ss uwbiuthrb an chestnut cheeks abundant tall trees. Small colored huge numbers winter in southeastern belly white US and Florida, but most birds Gull-like: continually flapping, with slow, steady patch move to Mexico, Colombia, and Venezuela. wing beats wing beats. Length 8–10in (20–26cm) Wingspan 10–12in (26–30cm) Weight 11⁄16–11⁄4oz (30–35g) 688 Social Solitary/Pairs Lifespan Up to 11 years Status Secure Woodpecker-like: bursts of wing beats between deeply undulating glides. Duck-like: continually flapping, with fast wing beats. MAPS HABITAT/BEHAVIOR See panel, left. The Additional photographs reveal the Finch-like: light, bouncy action with flurries of Kite-like: deep, slow wing beats between occurrence caption species in its typical habitat or wing beats between deep, undulating glides. soaring glides. describes the bird’s show the bird exhibiting typical preferred habitats and behavior. range within the North Grouse-like: bursts of wing beats between Swallow-like: swooping, with bursts of wing American region. short, straight glides. beats between glides. 7 006-007_US_Birds_of_NA.indd 7 19/04/16 12:45 pm n EVOLUTION o ti c u d o Ornithologists agree that birds evolved from r t n I dinosaurs about 150 million years ago, but there is still debate about the dinosaur group from which they descended. Around 10,000 species of birds exist today, living in many different kinds of habitat across the world, from desert to Arctic tundra. SPECIATION What are species and how do they evolve? Species are biological entities. When two species of a genus overlap they rarely interbreed and produce hybrids. The Northern Flicker has an eastern (yellow-shafted) and a western (red-shafted) form; because of the discovery that they interbreed in the Great Plains, ornithologists now consider these two forms to be a single species. In other cases, MISSING LINK? a previously single species, such as the Sage-Grouse, has been Archaeopteryx, shown here as divided. Such examples illustrate how species evolve, first by a 145-million-year-old fossil, had geographic separation, followed in time by overlap. This process dinosaur-like teeth and a long tail, but birdlike feathers. can take millions of years. BIRD GENEALOGY The diagram below is called a phylogeny, and shows how evidence, which allows ornithologists to estimate when selected groups of birds are related to each other. The timescale different lineages of birds diverged. The names of groups shown at the top of the diagram is derived from both fossil and DNA in bold are those living in North America. MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 Ratites, Tinamous Quails, Grouse, Turkeys, and Relatives Neornithes Ducks, Geese, and Swans Button quails Woodpeckers, Barbets, Honeyguides, Toucans Jacamars, Puffbirds, Hoopoes, Hornbills, Trogons, Rollers, Bee-eaters, Todies, Motmots, Kingfishers Colies Cuckoos, Hoatzin Parrots, Caracaras and Falcons Swifts, Hummingbirds Turacos, Owls, Nightjars Pigeons Cranes, Rails Sandgrouse, Shorebirds, Gulls, Terns, Auks Hawks, Eagles, Vultures, and Relatives Grebes Tropicbirds Gannets, Cormorants Herons, Ibises, Flamingos, Pelicans, Storks, New World Vultures Frigatebirds, Penguins, Loons, Petrels, Albatrosses Passeriformes (songbirds) 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 8 008-009_US_Birds_of_NA.indd 8 19/04/16 12:45 pm

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