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Birds of a Grumeti River forest in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania IhomasGottscbalk Uninventairedel'avifaunedesforetsgaleriesdensesduParcNationalduSerengetienTanzanieaeteeffectue entrejuin1999etjuillet2000.Lazonedetudede3,8haetaitsitueeal’interieurd’unevasteforetgalerielelong dufleuveGrumetia44kmaLestdulacVictoria.Lesdonneesontetecollecteesal’occasionde12sortiessur leterrain,completeespardescapturesaufiletdunedureedesixjours.Autotal,79especesd’oiseauxforestiers onteteinventoriees:l’articleenpresentelestatut,lalocalisationetl’abondance.Troisespecessontmentionnees pourlapremierefoisauSerengeti:leBulbulvert-olivePhyllastrephuscerviniventris(tresrepandudanslaforet Grumeti).leCossypheacalotterougeCossyphanatalensisetleSenegaliveitMandingoanitidula. Introduction Location Endless open plains, the large herds ofungulates ThestudysitewaslocatedalongtheGrumetiRiverinthe andtheirspectacularmigrationshavedrawnmuch WesternCorridorofSNP(02°18’S34°23’E)c44kmeast attentiontotheSerengetiNationalPark(SNP).However, ofLakeVictoria,at1,220m(Fig1).Theriveristhesecond theavifaunaoftheparkhasreceivedlessattention.Basic largestinSNPaftertheMaraRiver.Thesitecompriseda informationonthebirdsofSNPhasbeenpublished9and 360-mlongsectionoftheGrumetiRiver,anoldbranch supplementedbyStronach".Mostavianstudieshave andaforestpatch,whichissituatedbetweentheriverand eitherbeenconductedinopengrasslandsorwoodlands31012 thebranchwithatotalareaof3.8ha(Fig2).Theforestis , m m whileotherworksarespeciesspecific".Littleattentionhas c250 longand180 wide,andcoversanareaofc2.6ha. focusedontheevergreenforestsofSerengeti,whichoccur WaterlevelsintheGrumetifluctuatedependingonrainfall asnarrowandoftendiscontinuousriverinecommunities. duringthewetseason.Inthedryseasontheriverconsists Thismaybeduetopoacherswhoarepresentinsomeof ofponds.Thewaterisheavilyeutrophicatedandturbidas thesedenseforests26 Theseforestsareinthenorthofthe aresultofanimaldungandstirringbyHippopotamuses . park at the Mara River drainage and in the Western Hippopotamusamphibius,CrocodilesCrocodyhsnihticusmd CorridoralongtheGrumeti,OrangiandMbalagetiRivers5. wildlifecrossingtheriver4(Fig3).Thetwosmallpools WhileconductingresearchinSNPastudysiteinaGrumeti withintheoldbranchofthestudysiteholdwateronlyin RiverforestwasvisitedmonthlybetweenJuly1999and thewetseason. June2000. Birdsofa GrumetiRiverforest: Gottschalk BullABC Vo!9No2-153 GrumetiRiver pool oldbranch riverbed forest BP forest(degraded) woodland ; termitemound 8 Ficusthoningii mist-net Figure2.Mainhabitattypesandstructuresofthestudysite. Figure3-ViewofGrumetiRiverfromtheeastsideofthestudy Figure4.TheinteriorofGrumetiRiverforest(Thomas site(ThomasGottschalk) Gottschalk) Figure5.Black-headedGonolekLaniariuserythrogasterlsavery Figure6.PygmyKingfisherCeyxpictapictawzstrappedinAprilin frequentspeciesintheforest(ThomasGottschalk) thesouth-westofthestudysite(ThomasGottschalk) 154-BullABC Vol9No2 Birdsofa GrumetiRiverforest: Gottschalk Figure~.LittleSpottedWoodpeckerCampetbercicailliaiitiin)'ansae Figures.My¥\y(^tcherMiiscicapacaerulesce}Tscinewokmastrapped wastrappedinAprilinthesouth-westofthestudysite(Thomas inMay.Theleftbirdhadmoultedthegreaterprimary-coverts Gottschalk) (ThomasGottschalk) KHz Chikechike queek-queek quaka-quaka 6 4 2 Figure10.SonogramofatypicalcallofGrey-oliveGreenbul PhyllastrephuscerviniventrisatGrumetiRiver.Thiscallisoften repeatedandmightberenderedChikechikequeek-queekandasoft quaka-cjuaka Figure9.Grey-oliveGreenbulPhyllastrephuscerviniventriswas Figure11.Red-cappedRobinChatCossyphanatalensisintensawas trappedinMay(ThomasGottschalk) trappedinMay(ThomasGottschalk) The canopy of Grumeti riparian forests mainly between1.6mand2.6mindiameteratbreastheight. comprisesAphaniasenegalensis,Ekebergiacapensis, Locations ofthese trees and the extent and position Ficus spp, Garcinia livingstonei, Lecaniodiscus ofall habitat types and features are shown in Fig 2. fraxinifolius, Tamarindus indica and Ziziphus CrocodileandHippopotamusarepresentinlarge pubescens and in the understorey the main woody numbersintheGrumeti.Theshorelineisoftenheavily plants are Cordia goetzei, Cordia ovalis, Crateva compactedbyHippopotamusandtheforestpartially religiosa, Erythroxylum fiscberi and Strychnos drnmgedbythesemdMncmElephmtsInxodontaafricana. henningsii5M (Fig 4). Within the study site a total of Whileelephantsvisitedtheforestirregularlyandcreateda 18 differentwoodyplantspecieswas recorded. Figs small clearing in the south-west part in 1999, the Ficus tboningii were the largest trees and were hippopotamuscrossedtheforestfollowingtheirown Birdsofa GrumetiRiverforest: Gottschalk BullABC Vol9No2-155 beaten trails every night. Larger mammals in the uncommon in Kenya and north Tanzania15 was forest included Olive Baboon Papio cynocephalus, observed 500 m west of the study site in both wet Blue Monkey Cercopithecus mitis and Black-and- seasons, on 24 May 1999and 17 March 2000, on the white Colobus Colobus abyssinicus. Other large flooded bridge ofthe Grumeti River at night. mammals were not recorded in the forest and may Water Thick-knee Burhinus vermiculatus and have avoided it. Green-backed Heron Butorides striatus were common and often observed resting in dense thickets Results beside the river, but were easily overlooked and ThestudysitewasvisitedonceamonthduringJuly1999 often not seen unless disturbed. African Fish Eagle toJune2000exceptinNovemberandDecember.During Haliaeetus vociferwas easier to observe as it has a thewetseason,inAprilandMay,theforestwassampled distinctivecallandsitsatoplargetrees. Otherraptors twice.Allbirdspeciesatthestudysitewererecordedwhile were White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus which , walkingslowlythroughtheforestduringaperiodofupto oftennestsatthe river(one pairusedanold neston twohours.Additionally,mist-nettingwasconductedfora a large fig tree in the south part of the study site), totalof23hoursonsevendaysinMarchandMay2000to Ruppell’s Griffon Vulture G. rueppellii, Bateleur samplecrypticspecies.Uptosixmist-netswithatotal TerathopiusecaudatusandAfricanHawk-Eagle.The lengthof58mwereusedatdifferentlocationswithinthe most common kingfisher was Woodland Kingfisher studysite(seeFig2).Asmanybirdsmovedthroughthe Halcyonsenegalensis, often located by its laughing' forestalongtheriver,mist-netswereplacedverticallyto trill, while Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rndis was only theGrumeti. observed in the wet season. African Pygmy King- Thenumbersofbirdsintheforestdifferedaccording fisher Ceyx picta picta was difficult to see and torainfallandthepresenceofmixed-speciesflocks,which perhapsoftenoverlooked. Onewastrapped inApril weremovingthrough.Betweensixand39birdspecies (Fig6).TheskulkingWhite-browedCoucalCentropus wereobservedpervisitandatotalof79wasrecorded superciliosusloandaewas‘frequent’;onewastrapped duringthe12dailysamplesandsixmist-nettingsessions on 16April 2000 and identified as C. s. loandaedue (Appendix 1). Three species, Madagascar Bee-eater to the black crown, which is brown in C. s. Meropssuperciliosus,AfricanHawk-EagleHieraaetus superciliosus15 . spilogasterandViolet-backedStarlingCinnyricinclus Two types of mixed-species parties could be leucogasterweverecordedwhilemist-nettingbutnot distinguishedaccordingtohabitatuse.Oneoccupiedthe on the foot surveys. groundtomiddlestrataandtheothermainlybetweenthe FollowingBecker1 speciesthatwererecordedin50- middleandupperstrataorcanopy.Speciesintheformer , 80%ofthesampleswereconsidered‘frequent’,those grouping comprised mainly Grey-olive Greenbul observedlessoftenwerenotedas‘present’andthose Phyllastrephus cerviniventris, Arrow-marked Bab- recordedmoreoftenas‘veryfrequent’.While28species bler Turdoides jardineii emini, African Paradise wereseenonlyonceandanother40on2-5occasions,only FlycatcherTerpsiphoneviridisferreti,Brown-throated tenwerefrequentandonlyone,Black-headedGonolek Wattle-eyePlatysteiracyaneanyansae,Grey-backed LaniariuserythrogasteriFig5)wasveryfrequent. Camaroptera Camaroptera brachyura and White- Thespeciesrecordedoncewereoftencrypticorrare browed Scrub Robin Cercotrichasleucophrys. Apart inthisforest(egAfricanGreenPigeonTreroncalvaand fromthescrubrobintheseare‘frequent’intheforest. LesserHoneyguideIndicatorminor),intra-Africanmigrants The second flock type included species such as (eg Madagascar Bee-eater and Black Cuckoo Shrike Black-backed Puffback Dryoscopus cubla Black- , Campepbaga/lava Palearcticmigrants(EuropeanBee- headed Gonolek and Grey-headed Bush Shrike :), eaterMeropsapiasterandEurasianGoldenOrioleOriolus Malaconotusblanchoti,whoselouddistinctcallsare oriolus')orbirdswhichusuallyoccurinwoodlandbutvisit often heard. The puffback and gonolek were ‘fre- waterespeciallyinthedryseason(egAfricanMourning quent’and ‘veryfrequent’respectively. Grey-headed DoveStreptopeliadecipiensandGrey-headedSparrowPosset* BushShrike,whichisnotmentionedforthewestpart griseus). of SNP15 was recorded monthly with up to three in Birds whichwerepresentclosetoorontheriverwere February-May. , EgyptianGooseAlopocbenaegyptiacus,GreatEgretEgretta OtherssuchasRed-frontedTinkerbirdPogoniulus alba,GoliathHeronArdeagoliath,Yellow-billedStork pusillus and Schalow’s Turaco Tauraco (persa) MycteriaibisandHadadaIbisBostrychiabagedash.These schalowisometimesjoinedmixed-speciesflocksbut preferredshallowparts ofthe riverandwere mainly were also seen alone or in pairs. African Green recordedinthewetseason,whentheriverwasfuller. Pigeon, Brown Parrot Poicepbalus meyeri Bare- , Black-crownedNight-HeronNycticoraxnycticorax,whichis facedGo-awayBirdCorythaixoidespersonata,Eastern 156-BullABC Vol9No2 Birdsofa GrumetiRiverforest: Gottschalk Grey Plantain Eater Crinifer zonurus, Schalow’s identify the Grey-olive Greenbuls. I thank the Ger- Turacoandfourspeciesofbarbet, preferredfeeding manAcademicExchangeService(DAAD)forfunding in large fig trees. Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias the field work, and the Tanzania Commission for caudata and African Grey Hombill Tockits nasutus Science and Technology (COSTECH), Tanzania Na- appeared to nest in holes in larger fig trees in the tionalParks(TANAPA)andTanzaniaWildlifeResearch south ofthe study site. Institute(TAWIRI)forpemiissiontoworkinSerengeti AshyFlycatcherMuscicapacaenilescenswas re- National Park. I gratefully acknowledge the assist- cordedinmoreopenpartsoftheforestinMarch-April ance of F.M. Chalamila in the field and especially 2000, andtwo trapped on 30 May 2000 (Fig 6)were thankRichardHauschildfortranslatingthesummary. perhaps of the western subspecies brevicaudata. The measurements show that the birds at Gaimeti were obviouslylargerthanM. c. brevicaudata13 but References , they were more ash-grey than blue-grey above, 1. Becker,C.D.1988.Patternsinbirdpopulationsalongthe which is a characteristic ofM. c. cinereola1"’. Occur- OmoRiverinEthiopia.Afr.J.Ecol.26:1-10. renceofAshyFlycatcherinthewestpartofSNPisnot 2. Campbell,K.andHofer,H. 1995.Peopleandwildlife: mentioned in the literature1315 but according to 5. spatialdynamicsandzonesofinteraction.InSinclair, Schmidl9 the race cinereola is an uncommon to A.R.E. & Arcese, P. (eds) Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation ofan Ecosystem. frequent resident in riverine forest in SNP. ForeTsthearfeolnlootwimnegntthiroeneesdpefcoiresSrNePc9oorrdefdorinthtihserGemgmioent1i5. 3. CFreohlliascteai,goonL:s.Jh.iUpn1si9vo8en1r.tshiAetnySeorafennaCglheyitsicisaplgoaoifnPsar.veEiscsfo.alu.nMao-nroegsro.ur5c2e: Grey-oliveGreenbul(Fig10)wasacommonbutcryptic 111-127. speciesofdenseundergrowthinGmmetiForest(presence: . Gereta,E.andWolanski,E.1998.Wildlife-waterquality 0.75).Itwasbestdetectedbycall.Mostly2-3birdswere interactionsintheSerengetiNationalPark;Tanzania. seentogether(mean2.6birds),butsomeindividualswere Afr.J.Ecol.SC 1-14. perhapsmissed.On1August2000,afamilyconsistingof Herlocker,D.1974. WoodyVegetationoftheSerengeti anadultandfiveyoungwasobserved.Grey-oliveGreenbul NationalPark.KlebergStudiesinNaturalResources. wasoftenveryshy,andincessantlysearchedforfoodin . Hofer, H., Campbell, K.L.I., East, M.L. and Huish, theleaflitterorbetweenrootsandbranchesclosetooron S.A. 2000. Modelling the spatial distribution ofthe theforestfloor.Despiteseveralsurveysofotherforests economic costs and benefits of illegal game meat withinSNP,suchastheriverineforestsatMbalageti,south hunting in the Serengeti. NaturalResourceModel- ofGmmeti,andforestsattheMaraandBolongonja,this ling 13: 151-177. specieswasnotfoundelsewhere.Theonlygreenbul 7. Houston,D.C.1972.TheecologyofSerengetivultures. TheroleofGriffonVulturesasscavengers./.Zool.172: previouslyrecorded in SNP was Cabanis’s Greenbul 35-46. Pbyllastrephuscabanisi,whichwascollectedbyKittenberger 8. Keith,S.,Urban,E.K.andFry,C.H.(eds)1992.TheBirds attheMaraRiver9.Grey-oliveGreenbulisalsounknown ofAfrica.Vol4.London,UK:AcademicPress. fromMasaiMaraNationalReserveinKenya.Thenearest 9. Schmidl, D. 1982. The Birds ofthe Serengeti Na- knownlocationisLakeManyaraNationalPark815. tional Park Tanzania: an annotated check-list. OneRed-cappedRobinChatCossyphanatalensisintensa BOU Check-list No. 5. London, UK: British Orni- wastrappedon30May2000(Fig11).Thespeciesisan thologists’ Union. intra-AfricanmigrantbetweenlateAprilandNovember15. 10. Sinclair,A.R.E.1978.Factorsaffectingthefoodsupply IthasneitherbeenrecordedforSNP9norwestoftheRift andbreedingseasonsofresidentbirdsandmovementsof Valley. Movements ofinland birds are little known, PalaearcticmigrantsinatropicalAfricansavannah.Ibis 120:480-497. partiAcuplaairrloyfiGnrneoernt-hbearcnkTeadnTzwainnisap1o5.tMandingoanitidula 11. Stronach,N.R.H. 1990.Newinformationonbirdsin wasrecordedfollowingshortrains,on28January2000 S1e1r0en1g9e8ti-2Na0t2ionalPark,Tanzania.Bull.Br.Omithol.Cl. and21February2000,withafemaleon17March2000,at 12. Stro:nach,N.R..H.1991.WinteringharriersinSerengeti thesouthernpartoftheoldbranch.Thebirdsfedonthe NationalPark,Tanzania.Afr.J.Ecol.29:90-92. groundwithindensethickets.ItisnotlistedforSNP9and 13. Urban,E.K. Fry,C.H.andKeith,S.(eds)1997.TheBirds , doesnotregularlyoccurinnorthernTanzania15,although ofAfrica.Vol5.London,UK:AcademicPress. wanderingordisplacedbirdsareoccasionallyrecorded 14. White,F.1983.TheVegetationofAfrica.Paris:UNESCO. frominlandEastAfrica15 15. Zimmermann, D.A.,Turner, D.A. andPearson, D.J. . 1996. BirdsofKenyaandnorthern Tanzania.Lon- Acknowledgments don, UK: A. & C. Black. Don Turner, the National Museums of Kenya, Nai- Burgerstra/Se 2, 61476 Kronberg, Germany, E-mail: robi,andtheMuseumfurNaturkunde,Berlin,helped thomasgottschalk@surfeude. . Birdsofa GrumetiRiverforest: Gottschalk BullABC Vol9No2- 157 Appendix 1. Bird species recorded atGrumeti Riverin Serengeti National Park. Those in bold are frequent at thestudysite. Species Numberofdays Presence Species Numberofdays Presence Englishname/Scientificname specieswasrecorded Englishname/Scientificname specieswasrecorded GoliathHeronArdeagoliath 1 0.08 White-headed Barbet Lybiusleucocephalus 1 0.08 Green-backed Heron Butoridesstriatus 2 0.17 Red-frontedTinkerbirdPogoniuluspusillus 3 0.25 GreatEgretEgrettaalba 2 0.17 Golden-tailedWoodpeckerCampetheraabingoni 3 0.25 Yellow-billedStorkMycteriaibis 2 0.17 LittleSpottedWoodpeckerCampetheracailliautiinyansae 2 0.17 Hadada Ibis Bostrychiahagedash 2 0.17 Black-throatedHoneyguideIndicatorindicator 2 0.17 Egyptian GooseAlopochenaegyptiacus 3 0.25 LesserHoneyguideIndicatorminor 1 0.08 White-backedVulture Gypsafricanus 3 0.25 AfricanPiedWagtailMotacillaaguimp 5 0.42 Ruppell’sGriffonVulture Gypsrueppellii 1 0.08 LesserStripedSwallowHirundoabyssinica 2 0.17 Bateleur Terathopiusecaudatus 1 0.08 Red-rumpedSwallowHirundodaurica 2 0.17 African Hawk-Eagle Hieraaetusspilogaster Wire-tailedSwallowHirundosmithii 1 0.08 African Fish Eagle Haliaeetusvocifer 2 0.17 White-headedSawwingPsalidoprocnealbiceps 2 0.17 Hildebrandt’s Francolin Francolinushildebrandti 1 0.08 BlackCuckooShrikeCampephagaHava 1 0.08 Crested Guineafowl Gutterapucherani 2 0.17 CommonBulbulPycnonotusbarbatus 6 0.50 WaterThick-knee Burhinus vermiculatus 2 0.17 Grey-oliveGreenbul Phyllastrephuscerviniventris 9 0.75 Ring-necked Dove Streptopeliacapicola 3 0.25 White-browedScrubRobinCercotrichasleucophrys 5 0.42 African Mourning Dove Streptopeliadecipiens 1 0.08 Red-cappedRobinChatCossyphanatalensis 1 0.08 Red-eyed Dove Streptopeliasemitorquata 3 0.25 Yellow-breastedApalisApalisflavida 2 0.17 Emerald-spottedWood Dove Turturchalcospilos 1 0.08 Grey-backedCamaroptera Camaropterabrachyura 9 0.75 AfricanGreen Pigeon Treroncalva 1 0.08 AshyFlycatcherMuscicapacaerulescens 4 0.33 BrownParrotPoicephalusmeyeri 6 0.50 Brown-throatedWattle-eyePlatysteiracyaneanyansae 6 0.50 Schalow’sTuraco Tauraco(persa) schalowi 4 0.33 AfricanParadiseFlycatcher Terpsiphoneviridisferreti 8 0.67 Bare-facedGo-awayBird Corythaixoidespersonata 4 0.33 Black-backedPuffbackDryoscopuscubla 8 0.67 EasternGreyPlantain EaterCriniferzonurus 5 0.42 Black-headedGonolekLaniariuserythrogaster 10 0.83 DidricCuckoo Chrysococcyxcaprius 1 0.08 Slate-colouredBoubouLaniariusfunebris 2 0.17 Klaas'sCuckoo Chrysococcyxklaas 1 0.08 Grey-headedBushShrikeMalaconotusblanchoti 4 0.33 White-browedCoucal Centropussuperciliosusloandae 6 0.50 Grey-crestedHelmetShrikePrionopspoliolophus 1 0.08 AfricanScopsOwl Otus(scops)senegalensis 1 0.08 Violet-backedStarlingCinnyricinclusleucogaster Speckled Mousebird Coliusstriatus 4 0.33 Ruppell'sLong-tailedStarlingLamprotornispurpuropterus 6 0.50 Narina’sTrogonApaiodermanarina 4 0.33 CollaredSunbirdHedydipnacollaris 1 0.08 PiedKingfisherCerylerudis 1 0.08 Purple-bandedSunbirdCinnyrisbifasciata 1 0.08 Woodland Kingfisher Halcyonsenegalensis 4 0.33 MaricoSunbirdCinnyrismariquensis 2 0.17 African PygmyKingfisherCeyxpictapicta 2 0.17 Arrow-markedBabbler Turdoidesjardineiiemini 6 0.50 European Bee-eaterMeropsapiaster 1 0.08 CommonDrongoDicrurusadsimilis 2 0.17 MadagascarBee-eaterMeropssuperciliosus Black-headedOrioleOrioluslarvatus 5 0.42 Lilac-breasted Roller Coraciascaudata 1 0.08 EurasianGoldenOrioleOriolusoriolus 1 0.08 Green Wood-Hoopoe Phoeniculuspurpureus 2 0.17 Red-headedWeaverAnaplectesrubriceps 1 0.08 VonderDecken’sHornbill Tockusdeckeni 1 0.08 Holub'sGoldenWeaverPloceusxanthops 2 0.17 AfricanGreyHornbill Tockusnasutus 5 0.42 Grey-headedSparrowPassergriseus 1 0.08 Double-toothed Barbet Lybiusbidentatus 4 0.33 AfricanFirefinchLagonostictarubricata 1 0.08 Red-fronted Barbet Tricholaemadiademata 1 0.08 Red-billedFirefinchLagonostictasenegala 2 0.17 Spot-flanked Barbet Tricholaemalachrymosa 1 0.08 Green-backedTwinspotMandingoanitidula 3 0.25 Appendix2. Measurements (in mm) of 12 birdstrapped in mist-nets on seven sessions during 23 hours between March and May 2000. *Bill measurements referto the upper mandible measured to the feathers. Sample sizeforthose data repeated from Urban etaP3was five males. Englishname/Scientificname Date Sex Bill* Tarsus Tail Overall Wing length African Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphoneviridisferreti 17.03.00 204 306 86 White-browed Coucal Centropussuperciliosusloandae 16.04.00 30.7 44.9 215 450 167 African PygmyKingfisherCeyxpictapicta 16.04.00 23 10.7 28.4 120 52.5 LittleSpottedWoodpecker Campetheracailliautiinyansae 16.04.00 15.8 16.2 65 183 99.5 Brown-throatedWattle-eye Platysteiracyaneanyansae 16.04.00 ? 14 19 - 64.5 Arrow-marked Babbler Turdoidesjardineiiemini 16.04.00 18 31.8 109 230 101 Red-billed Firefinch Lagonostictasenegalaruberrima 16.04.00 d" 9 12.2 37.2 101 47 Grey-olive Greenbul Phyllastrephuscerviniventris 06.05.00 15.6 22.4 86.3 204 87 Ruppell’s Long-tailed Starling Lamprotornispurpuropterus 07.05.00 19.4 40.7 131 315 152.5 Red-capped RobinChatCossyphanatalensisintensa 30.05.00 15 28.6 78 190 95 AshyFlycatcherMuscicapacaerulescenscinereola 30.05.00 9.65 17.25 58.1 145 76 AshyFlycatcherMuscicapacaerulescenscinereola 30.05.00 10.65 17 61.8 151 81 AshyFlycatcherMuscicapacaerulescensbrevicauda Urban eta/13 cf 14.9 16.2 49.6 70.4 158-BullABC Vo!9No2 Birdsofa GrumetiRiverforest: Gottschalk