Birds as Useful Indicators of High Nature Value Farmlands: Using Species Distribution Models as a Tool for Monitoring the Health of Agro-ecosystems PDF
Preview Birds as Useful Indicators of High Nature Value Farmlands: Using Species Distribution Models as a Tool for Monitoring the Health of Agro-ecosystems
Federico Morelli Piotr Tryjanowski Editors Birds as Useful Indicators of High Nature Value Farmlands Using Species Distribution Models as a Tool for Monitoring the Health of Agro-ecosystems Birds as Useful Indicators of High Nature Value Farmlands Federico Morelli (cid:129) Piotr Tryjanowski Editors Birds as Useful Indicators of High Nature Value Farmlands Using Species Distribution Models as a Tool for Monitoring the Health of Agro-ecosystems Editors FedericoMorelli PiotrTryjanowski FacultyofEnvironmentalSciences, InstituteofZoology DepartmentofApplied Poznan´ UniversityofLifeSciences GeoinformaticsandSpatial Poznan´,Poland Planning CzechUniversityofLifeSciences Prague Kamy´cka´129,CzechRepublic ISBN978-3-319-50282-3 ISBN978-3-319-50284-7 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-50284-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016963669 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinor for anyerrors oromissionsthat may havebeenmade. Thepublisher remainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Acknowledgments We thank A. Wuczyn´ski, C. Korkosz, F. Pruscini for pictures and T. Hartel for thegraphandfruitfuldiscussiononmanyaspectspresentedinthebook.Wewould also thank our friends for help with data collection in the field: Z. Kwiecin´ski, L. Jankowiak, M. Tobolka, M. Antczak and M. Hromada (Poland); F. Pruscini, C.Rubolini,A.SuzziValliandF.Martinelli(Italy). v Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 FedericoMorelli,YaninaBenedetti,andPiotrTryjanowski 2 SpreadoftheConceptofHNVFarmlandinEurope: ASystematicReview. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 27 YaninaBenedetti 3 IdentifyingHNVAreasUsingGeographicInformation SystemsandLandscapeMetrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 PetraSˇ´ımova´ 4 SuitableMethodsforMonitoringHNVFarmlandUsing BirdSpecies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 PiotrTryjanowskiandFedericoMorelli PartI CaseStudies 5 CaseStudy1.BirdasIndicatorsofHNV:CaseStudy inFarmlandsfromCentralItaly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 FedericoMorelli,LeszekJerzak,andPiotrTryjanowski 6 CaseStudy2.BirdsasIndicatorsofHNV:CaseStudy inPortugueseCorkOakMontados. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Jo~aoE.Rabac¸a,Lu´ısaCatarino,PedroPereira,Anto´nioLu´ıs, andCarlosGodinho 7 CaseStudy3.UsingIndicatorSpeciesAnalysisIndValtoIdentify BirdIndicatorsofHNVinFarmlandsfromWesternPoland. . . . . . 107 PiotrTryjanowskiandFedericoMorelli 8 DiscussionandFinalConsiderations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 FedericoMorelliandPiotrTryjanowski vii About the Editors Federico Morelli is a Quantitative Ecologist, currently working as Researcher at the Czech University of Life Sciences (Prague, Czech Republic). He has been involvedinseveralEuropeanprojectsmodellingtheimpactoflanduseandclimate change on spatial distribution of biodiversity. The main focus of his research interests is related to the response of species distribution models to multiscale predictors, the effects of landscape metrics on biodiversity patterns, the develop- mentandtestofseveralbioindicatorsandthegeneraltopicsofmacroecology. Piotr Tryjanowski is a professor and director of the Institute of Zoology at PoznanUniversityofLifeSciences.Hisresearchinterestincludesmainlyecology ofvertebrates, withparticularattentiontotheeffect ofclimate andenvironmental changesonbirdsandmammals.Forinstance,sincemorethan25yearshestudies farmlandbirdpopulationsinPoland. ix Chapter 1 Introduction FedericoMorelli,YaninaBenedetti,andPiotrTryjanowski Abstract The decline of biodiversity in the agro-ecosystems: causes and conse- quences.ThemaindifferencesbetweenWesternandEasternEuropeagriculture– the role of history. The development of conservation tools in Europe: from the network of protected areas and Nature2000 approach to the High Nature Value areas identification. Theories for fragmented landscapes and the application of ecological terminology for agricultural landscapes in Europe. Approaches useful to identify and characterize HNV farming systems. The HNV as support for biodiversityandpublicgoods. Keywords Farmland bird decline (cid:129) Biodiversity conservation (cid:129) Farming intensification (cid:129) Protected areas (cid:129) Natura2000 network (cid:129) High nature value farming(cid:129)HNV 1.1 The Decline of Biodiversity in the Agro-ecosystems The agriculture is a dominant form of land use on the world’s terrestrial surface, accountingformorethan40%oflandusecoverage[1,2].InEurope,agricultural landscapesareartificialmosaicsofdifferentlandusetypes,andrepresentoneofthe mostcommonhabitat.Butduringthelastfewdecadestheagriculturallandscapes havebeensubjecttoarapidandlarge-scalechange,causedmainlybytheintensi- fication and mechanization of agricultural activities [3–8]. The agricultural inten- sificationisdevotedtofeedthegrowingworldpopulation.However,thisprocessis F.Morelli(*) FacultyofEnvironmentalSciences,DepartmentofAppliedGeoinformaticsandSpatial Planning,CzechUniversityofLifeSciencesPrague,Kamy´cka´129,CZ-16500Prague6, CzechRepublic e-mail:[email protected] Y.Benedetti CentroNaturalisticoSammarinese,viaValdesDeCarli21,47893BorgoMaggiore,San Marino P.Tryjanowski InstituteofZoology,Poznan´ UniversityofLifeSciences,WojskaPolskiego71C,PL-60-625 Poznan´,Poland ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 1 F.Morelli,P.Tryjanowski(eds.),BirdsasUsefulIndicatorsofHighNatureValue Farmlands,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-50284-7_1 2 F.Morellietal. consideredoneofthechiefdriversofworldwidebiodiversitydecline[4,9,10].Agri- culturalintensificationoccursmainlyattwodifferentspatialscales:localscale-e.g. increaseduseofagrochemicalsorpesticides[6]andlandscapescale-e.g.destruc- tionofsemi-naturalandmarginalhabitats[11].Thelatteraffectsthemarginaland unproductiveelementsoffarmlandremovingshrubs,hedgerows,isolatedtreesand uncultivated patches. The marginal and unproductive elements of farmland land- scapes,suchasshrubs,hedgerows,isolatedtreesanduncultivatedpatches,consti- tutekeyhabitatsformanyspecies,fornesting,feedingandprotection[12–14],as well as providing ecological corridors [15, 16] and to increase and maintain the plantcommunitiesdiversity[17]. Scientists currently recognize how biodiversity loss can negatively impact on humanityinmanydifferentways[18,19].Thethreatofbiodiversityisathreatfor humans for the simple reason that biodiversity is the main driver of ecosystem functioningwherehumansareliving[20].Then,theconservationofthebiodiver- sity in the countryside is essential not only for intrinsic reasons, but also for very pragmaticreasonsrelatedtohumanbenefits[21].Mankindbenefitsfromarangeof services provided by nature [22]. From the many benefits that agriculture may obtain,someofthemaredirectlyprovidedbywildorganismssuchaspollinatorsor pestcontrolincroplandsprovidedbynaturalenemies[23–25]. However,thelossofbiodiversityinagriculturallandscapesisnotuniformacross Europe, and need, then, more deep understandings. Because the diversity of rural landscapes across the continent plus the inadequacy of existent datasets on biodi- versity, can represent an impediment to the develop of a common strategy for all Europeancountries[2]. 1.2 Differences Between Western and Eastern Europe Agriculture – The Role of History HNVareasarenotequallydistributedoverEurope,butevenintensityofstudieson HNV farmland on birds strongly differs between areas, both in local as well as broadcontinentalscale.Differencesareconnectedmainlywithlow-intensityagri- culturallanduseinEuropewithhascreatedmanyuniqueandspecies-richassem- blages [26, 27]. Paradoxically a large proportion of European species are now dependentovermuchoftheirrangesonthisformofhumandisturbance[28].How- ever, the industrialization of agriculture has, directly and indirectly, caused a dramatic impoverishment of the avifauna and flora compared to the situation a centuryago[29].Thishascontributednotonlytothecurrentbiodiversitycrisisin Europe as a whole, but also to the decline in ecosystem services such as crop pollination and biological pest control [29]. Among suggested solutions to save farmlandbirdbiodiversityareespeciallydedicatedconservationschemes,withidea to mitigate the impacts of intensive farming, and to the support of low-intensity practicesonexistinghighnaturevalue(HNV)farmland.HNVfarmlandispresent 1 Introduction 3 throughoutEurope,althoughitisoftenrestrictedtouplandorotherareasdifficultto farm, particularly in Northern and Western Europe (EEA, 2004). Eastern and Southern Europe, in contrast, generally have lower average levels of land use intensity,andhealthypopulations ofmanyspecies decliningorendangered inthe north-west persist here [26, 27]. Similarly, the farmland environment in Central- Eastern Europe is generally still more extensive than in Western Europe and a larger proportion of people still live in rural areas [26] what in consequences generating different conditions for both, organisms living in agricultural areas, as well as human societies and economy. Therefore to protect declining populations living in farmland, detailed knowledge on both species and communities level is necessary[26].Itseemsnearlyobvioussincelastfewyears[26,30],however,due toscientifictraditionandavailabilityoffunding,thedefinitelymajorityofstudies have been carried out in Western Europe [27]. In consequence this provokes a question: are findings obtained in western conditions useful to identify the fate of farmlandbirdbiodiversityinCentral-EasternEurope?Orevenmoregeneral:how resultsobtainedinparticularlocalconditionscanbegeneralizedforunderstanding farmlandfunctioningoverthewholecontinent?Tryjanowskietal.[26]inareview argued that is not necessary. On the other hand is easy to say that we need more detailedstudies,buttheintentionisalsotoshowpotentialbenefits(eveneconom- ical)fromdevelopofthiskindofstudy.Tryjanowskietal.[26]providedstatistical evidencesthatagriculturediffersbetweenwestern(WE)andcentral-eastern(CEE) Europeintermsofitsroleinsocietyandlevelofintensification.Ingeneral,inCEE nationalagriculturalproductionplaysamuchmoreimportantroleineconomyand societycomparedtoWE.Alsotheproportionofthehumanpopulationemployedin agriculture is several times larger in CEE compared to WE. Majority of these results are the effect of political dividing of the continent after the Second World War, what made a situation called “an iron curtain” [31]. At the same time, CEE countriesdifferintheoutcomesofpastagriculturalintensification:insomestates, such as the Czech Republic and much of Slovakia, the communist “collectivist” agriculture created large monoculture fields, not unlike those in Northwestern Europe [31]. In many CEE countries though, small family farms have retained smaller field sizes and farming methods remain as they were decades ago. In Poland, nearly half of the > 2.5 million farms are still smaller than 2 ha, and this field mosaic is enriched by a dense network of seminatural field margins [32]. In some others, such as Hungary or Romania, mixed systems with intensive agricul- ture exist side-by-side with traditional farming in remote areas. Generally, small farms(<5ha)aremuchmoreabundantinCEEthaninWE,forexample,thereare over50timesmoresuchfarmsinRomaniathanintheUKandnearly20timesmore inPolandthaninGermany. TheEUhassofarfailedtostopbiodiversitylossinfarmland[33,34].Although theactionplanstartedfewdecadesago,theresultsarefarawayfromthesatisfac- tory situation. Currently published papers (a reviewed by ( [27]) suggests that the managementsolutionsdevelopedmainlyinWesternEuropeshouldnotbeusedasa blanket prescription for the whole continent. The concept HNV farmland was not
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