Biotic and Abiotic Factors That Affect the Development and Survival of Cat Flea

115 Pages·2017·3.65 MB·English

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LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School
1995
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William Joseph Lawrence Jr
Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
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Lawrence, William Joseph Jr, "Biotic and Abiotic Factors That Affect the Development and Survival of Cat
Flea (Ctenocephalides Felis (Bouche)) Life Stages." (1995). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses.
6117.
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BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT AND
SURVIVAL OF CAT FLEA (CTENOCEPHALIDES FELIS (BOUCHE))
LIFE STAGES
A Dissertation
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the
Louisiana State University and
Agricultural and Mechanical College
in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
in
The Department of Entomology
by
William J. Lawrence, Jr.
B.S., California State University Hayward, 1976
M.A.,California State University Hayward, 1977
December, 1995
UMI Number: 9618307
UMI Microform 9618307
Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Lane Foil for his
patience and guidance and for presenting me with the opportunity to achieve
a life-long goal. I would like to thank the members of my Graduate Advisory
Committee Drs. Frank S. Guillot, Gordon E. Holcomb, Gregg Henderson,
Richard N. Story, and John Martin for their support and encouragement and
to extend a special thanks to Dr Holcomb for serving as my minor professor,
and to Drs. Meek and Dr Hammond for loaning a portion of the laboratory
equipment used in this study. I would also like to thank Kyle Soileau and Jeff
Skias for their assistance.
Most importantly, I would like to thank my wife, Jackie, my daughter,
Lynn, and my son, Joe for their sacrifices and for their love and support. I
would like to thank my mother, Corrine L. Lawrence who, by example,
instilled in me the will and determination to succeed. I dedicate this work to
my late father William J. Lawrence, to my late father-in-law Mac Couch, and
to my entire family.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................... ii
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................... ix
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................ x
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................1
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES..................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER
1. FACTORS AFFECTING THE MORTALITY, BLOOD
CONSUMPTION, AND EGG PRODUCTION OF ADULT CAT FLEAS
(SIPHONAPTERA: PULICIDAE) MAINTAINED ON AN
ARTIFICIAL HOST SYSTEM................................................................. 6
Introduction............................................................................................. 6
Materials and Methods.......................................................................... 8
Results.................................................................................................... 23
Discussion............................................................................................. 40
2. THE EFFECTS OF FLEA EGG CONSUMPTION
UPON CAT FLEA (SIPHONAPTERA: PULICIDAE)
LARVAL DEVELOPMENT..................................................................... 46
Introduction.......................................................................................... 46
Materials and Methods........................................................................ 47
Results................................................................ 53
Discussion................ 64
3. THE EFFECTS OF DIET UPON COCOON FORMATION BY THE
CAT FLEA (SIPHONAPTERA: PULICIDAE) AND ITS ROLE
IN PUPAL DEVELOPMENT.................................................................. 71
Introduction.......................................................................................... 71
Materials and Methods............................ 72
Results ................................................................................................... 78
Discussion............................................................................................... 87
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 91
REFERENCES CITED
VITA..........................
LIST OF TABLES
1.1. The effects of treated and untreated dog hair upon egg
production by adult female cat fleas [CtenocephaHdes felis
(Bouch6)] maintained on an artificial host system for 15 d ................ 24
1.2. The effects of hair type (cat or dog) and hair treatment
on the egg production and mortality of adult female cat fleas
[CtenocephaHdes felis (Bouch6)] maintained on an
artificial host system for 15 d .....................................................................25
1.3. The effects of either no hair, bull hair, steer hair,
or unwashed dog hair on the egg production and mortality
of adult female cat fleas [CtenocephaHdes feiis (Bouch6)]
maintained on an artificial host system for 15 d ................................. 25
1.4. The effects of relative humidity and sodium citrate
concentrations on the egg production, blood consumption per egg
(^l/egg), and mortality of adult cat fleas
[CtenocephaHdes felis (Bouchg)] maintained on an artificial
host system for 10 d ....................................................................................28
1.5. The effects of packed cell volume (PCV) on egg production,
blood consumption per egg U/l/egg), and mortality of adult cat fleas
[CtenocephaHdes felis (Bouch6)] maintained on an artificial
host system for 10 d ...................................... 29
1.6. The effects of sex ratio on egg production, blood consumption per egg
Cc/l/egg), and mortality of adult cat fleas
[CtenocephaHdes feiis (Bouch6)] maintained on an
artificial host system for 10 d ....................................................................30
1.7. The effects of either defibrinated steer (S) or bull (B)
blood on the egg production, blood consumption per egg (//l/egg),
and mortality of two ratios of adult cat fleas
[CtenocephaHdes /e//s(Bouch6)] placed in maintained on
an artificial host system for 10 d ...............................................................31
1.8. The effects of testosterone on the egg production,
blood consumption per egg U/l/egg), mortality, and % ovary
development of adult cat fleas [CtenocephaHdes felis (Bouch6)]
maintained on an artificial host system for 10 d ......................................33
v
1.9. The effects of a substitute blood meal formulations
on the egg production, blood consumption per egg (//l/egg),
and mortality of adult cat fleas ICtenocephaHdes felis (Bouch6)]
maintained on an artificial host system for 10 d ....................................34
1.10. The effects of an alternate blood meal on the
egg production, blood consumption per egg U/l/egg), and
mortality of adult cat fleas [CtenocephaHdes felis (Bouch6)]
maintained on an artificial host system ...................■......................... 35
1.11. The effects of alternate blood meal formulations on the egg
production, blood consumption per egg U/l/egg), and mortality of
adult cat fleas [CtenocephaHdes feiis (Bouch6)] maintained
on an artificial host system for 10 d ................................................... 37
1.12. The effects of alternate blood meal formulations on the egg
production, blood consumption per egg Owl/egg), and mortality by
adult cat fleas [CtenocephaHdes feiis (Bouchfi)] maintained
on an artificial host system for 10 d ................................................... 38
1.13. The effects of testosterone on the egg production, blood
consumption per egg U/l/egg), mortality , and % ovary development
for 10 d by adult cat fleas [CtenocephaHdes feiis (Bouch6)]
maintained on an artificial host system for 10 d and provided
with either 8 mM citrated bovine whole blood or washed red blood
cells + substitute serum + 5, 10, or 20 ng/ml of testosterone ....... 39
2.1. The effects of 55%, 65%, and 75% relative
humidities and egg consumption upon the development
of 1 d old cat flea larvae maintained in groups
of 50 each for 15 d and provided (ad libitum)
with either a diet of feces from adult cat fleas
maintained on cat hosts (CHFF) or a diet consisting of
CHFF plus previously frozen flea eggs, FFE........................................ 55
2.2. The effects of 55%, 65%, and 75% relative
humidities upon the development of 1 d old
cat flea larvae maintained in groups of 50 each
and provided (ad libitum) with a diet consisting of
feces from adult fleas maintained on cat hosts (CHFF)
for 15 d after which previously frozen flea eggs
(FFE) were provided ad libitum to 4 groups (CHFF+ FFE)
until day 25 .................................................................................................56
vi
2.3. The effects of diet upon the development of 1 d
old cat flea larvae maintained individually for
24 d in treatment groups of 30 each at 75% relative
humidity, 22.50 ± 2.00°C and provided with one of
seven selected diets ad libitum ................................................................58
2.4. The effects of larval diet components provided ad libitum
upon the survival {d> of cat flea larva..........................................................59
2.5. The effects of 55% relative humidity and diet upon
the development of 1 d old cat flea larvae
maintained individually for 24 d in treatment
groups of 30 each at 22.5 ± 2.00°C and provided
with one of three selected diets ad libitum........................................ 60
2.6. The effects of diet upon the development of cat
flea larvae maintained in treatment groups of
25 for 37 d at 22.5 ± 2.00°C, 75% relative
humidity with or without carpet and provided either
25 frozen flea eggs (FFE) or 25 viable flea eggs (VE)
per day for 7 d ...............................................................................................61
2.7. The effects of egg consumption upon the development
of cat flea larvae maintained in treatment groups
of 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 on carpeted plugs for
37 d at 22.5 ± 2.00°C, 75% relative humidity
and provided with either viable flea eggs (VE) or
frozen flea eggs (FFE) each day (d) for 7 d .......................................... 63
3.1. The effects of flea egg consumption upon development
and cocoon formation of 1 d old cat flea larvae
maintained individually for 24 d at 24°C, 75%
relative humidity and provided with frozen flea
eggs plus feces (ad libitum) from adult fleas
maintained on cat hosts..............................................................................80
3.2. The effects of brewer's yeast upon the development
and cocoon formation by individual cat flea
[CtenocephaHdes felis (Bouch6)]larvae provided with
cat host flea feces ad libitum and maintained
at 24°C, 75% relative humidity........................................................... 81
vii