Biotechnology in Medical Sciences

472 Pages·2014·40.56 MB·English

by  Firdos Alam Khan

Biomedical Sciences
Khan
BIOTECHNOLOGY
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MEDICAL SCIENCES
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As the field of medical biotechnology grows with new products and discoveries, O
so does the need for a holistic view of biotechnology in medicine. Biotechnology in
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Medical Sciences fulfills that need by delivering a detailed overview of medical
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biotechnology as it relates to human diseases and epidemiology, bacteriology and
antibiotics, virology and vaccines, immunology and monoclonal antibodies, recombinant G
DNA technology and therapeutic proteins, stem cell technology, tissue engineering,
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molecular diagnostics and forensic science, gene therapy, synthetic biology and
nanomedicine, pharmacogenomics, bioethics, biobusiness and intellectual property
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rights, and career opportunities. N

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Organized to follow the chronology of major medical biotechnology research,
breakthroughs, and events, this first-of-its-kind text:
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• Covers all aspects of medical biotechnology, from labs to clinics and basic to D
advanced applications
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• Describes historical perspectives and modern discoveries in medical
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biotechnology
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• Explains how various biotechnology products are used to treat and prevent

disease S
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• Discusses the tools and techniques currently employed in medical
biotechnology I
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• Includes a bibliography at the end of each chapter to encourage further study N
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Complete with colorful illustrations and examples, Biotechnology in Medical
Sciences provides a comprehensive yet accessible treatment of this growing field. E
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K22340
ISBN: 978-1-4822-2367-5
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9 781482 223675
K22340_COVER_final.indd 1 4/1/14 3:34 PM

BIOTECHNOLOGY
IN
MEDICAL SCIENCES

BIOTECHNOLOGY
IN
MEDICAL SCIENCES
Firdos Alam Khan
Manipal University
Dubai, UAE
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20140425
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-2368-2 (eBook - PDF)
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Contents
Preface ...........................................................................................................................................xxi
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................xxiii
Author ..........................................................................................................................................xxv
Chapter 1 Introduction to biotechnology in medical sciences ..........................................1
1.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................1
1.2 What is biotechnology all about? .......................................................................................1
1.3 Medical products developed by using biotechnology tools ...........................................3
1.3.1 Antibiotics ................................................................................................................3
1.3.2 Recombinant insulin ..............................................................................................4
1.3.3 Vaccines ....................................................................................................................5
1.3.4 Monoclonal antibodies ..........................................................................................6
1.3.5 Bioengineered tissues ............................................................................................7
1.3.6 Adult stem cell therapy ..........................................................................................8
1.4 Emerging trends ...................................................................................................................9
1.4.1 Embryonic stem cells .............................................................................................9
1.4.2 Human genome project .......................................................................................11
1.4.2.1 Significance of the genome project ....................................................12
1.4.3 RNA interference technology .............................................................................12
1.4.4 Phage therapy ........................................................................................................13
1.4.5 Recombinant DNA technology ..........................................................................13
1.4.6 Biochips ..................................................................................................................14
1.4.7 Gene therapy .........................................................................................................14
1.4.8 Liposome-based drug delivery ...........................................................................14
1.4.9 Bionanotechnology ...............................................................................................14
1.5 Summary .............................................................................................................................15
1.6 Scholar’s achievement ........................................................................................................16
1.7 Knowledge builder .............................................................................................................17
Further reading .............................................................................................................................18
Chapter 2 Human diseases: Causes and reasons ...............................................................23
2.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................23
2.2 Human disease ...................................................................................................................23
2.2.1 Infection .................................................................................................................23
2.2.2 Illness ......................................................................................................................24
2.2.3 Disorder .................................................................................................................24
2.2.4 Medical condition .................................................................................................24
v
vi Contents
2.2.5 Morbidity ...............................................................................................................25
2.2.6 Other classifications .............................................................................................25
2.3 Classification of diseases ...................................................................................................25
2.3.1 Infectious diseases ................................................................................................26
2.3.1.1 Bacterial diseases .................................................................................26
2.3.1.2 Parasitic diseases ..................................................................................27
2.3.1.3 Viral diseases ........................................................................................28
2.3.2 Noninfectious diseases ........................................................................................29
2.3.2.1 Necrosis .................................................................................................30
2.3.2.2 Apoptosis ..............................................................................................31
2.3.2.3 Nutritional deficiency diseases ..........................................................33
2.4 Genetic diseases ..................................................................................................................34
2.4.1 Single-gene disorder ............................................................................................34
2.4.1.1 Autosomal dominant disorder ..........................................................34
2.4.1.2 Autosomal recessive disorder ............................................................34
2.4.1.3 X-linked dominant disorder ...............................................................35
2.4.1.4 X-linked recessive disorder ................................................................35
2.4.1.5 Y-linked disorder .................................................................................36
2.4.1.6 Multifactorial disorder ........................................................................36
2.4.2 Chromosomal abnormalities ..............................................................................36
2.4.3 Mitochondrial disorders ......................................................................................37
2.5 Autoimmune disease .........................................................................................................37
2.6 Disease transmission .........................................................................................................38
2.6.1 Transmission through droplet contact ..............................................................38
2.6.2 Fecal–oral transmission .......................................................................................40
2.6.3 Sexual transmission .............................................................................................40
2.7 Epidemiology of diseases ..................................................................................................40
2.8 Diseases diagnosis ..............................................................................................................40
2.8.1 Types of diagnosis tests .......................................................................................41
2.8.1.1 Invasive tests .........................................................................................41
2.8.1.2 Noninvasive tests .................................................................................41
2.8.1.3 Minimal invasive tests ........................................................................42
2.8.2 Diagnostic laboratories ........................................................................................42
2.8.2.1 Pathology laboratory ...........................................................................42
2.8.2.2 Radiology laboratory ...........................................................................42
2.8.2.3 Nuclear medicine laboratory ..............................................................42
2.8.2.4 Clinical neurophysiology laboratory ................................................43
2.9 Diagnostics tools .................................................................................................................43
2.9.1 Molecular tools ......................................................................................................43
2.9.1.1 Polymerase chain reaction technique ...............................................43
2.9.1.2 Restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis ....................45
2.9.1.3 Reverse transcription-PCR .................................................................45
2.9.1.4 Single-strand conformation polymorphism-PCR ...........................46
2.9.1.5 Ligase chain reaction ...........................................................................46
2.9.1.6 Microarray analysis .............................................................................47
2.9.1.7 Fluorescence in situ hybridization technique ..................................47
2.9.2 Biochemical techniques .......................................................................................48
2.9.2.1 Blood analyzer ......................................................................................48
2.9.2.2 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay .............................................49
Contents vii
2.9.3 Histopathology......................................................................................................49
2.9.3.1 Immunohistochemistry ......................................................................49
2.10 Current challenges of human diseases ...........................................................................50
2.11 Summary .............................................................................................................................50
2.12 Knowledge builder .............................................................................................................51
Further reading .............................................................................................................................52
Chapter 3 Bacteriology and antibiotics ................................................................................59
3.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................59
3.2 Microorganism: Historical perspective ...........................................................................59
3.3 Classification of microorganisms .....................................................................................59
3.4 Organization of bacteria ....................................................................................................60
3.4.1 Structure of bacterium .........................................................................................60
3.4.1.1 Intracellular structures .......................................................................62
3.4.1.2 Extracellular structures .......................................................................62
3.4.2 Bacterial genetics ..................................................................................................62
3.4.3 Nomenclature of bacteria ....................................................................................63
3.4.4 Bacteria: Friends or foes .......................................................................................63
3.4.4.1 Parasitism ..............................................................................................63
3.4.4.2 Mutualism .............................................................................................64
3.4.4.3 Commensalism ....................................................................................64
3.4.5 Pathogenic bacteria ...............................................................................................64
3.5 Applications of microbes ...................................................................................................65
3.5.1 Antimicrobial drugs .............................................................................................65
3.5.1.1 Classification of antibiotics .................................................................65
3.5.2 Antibiotic production ...........................................................................................66
3.5.2.1 Penicillin production ...........................................................................67
3.5.2.2 Cephalosporin production .................................................................68
3.5.2.3 Streptomycin production ....................................................................68
3.5.2.4 Synthesis of vitamin B12 using microbes .........................................69
3.5.2.5 Production of enzymes by using microbes ......................................69
3.6 Microbial biotransformation .............................................................................................69
3.6.1 Biotransformation of d-sorbitol to l-sorbose ....................................................70
3.6.2 Biotransformation of antibiotics .........................................................................70
3.6.3 Biotransformation of steroids .............................................................................71
3.7 Food microbiology ..............................................................................................................71
3.7.1 Food pathogens .....................................................................................................71
3.7.2 Problems of food pathogens ...............................................................................72
3.8 Challenges of treating microbial infections ...................................................................72
3.8.1 Mechanism of drug resistance............................................................................74
3.8.2 Drug-resistant microorganisms..........................................................................74
3.8.2.1 Staphylococcus aureus ............................................................................74
3.8.2.2 Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae .......................74
3.8.2.3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ........................................................................75
3.8.2.4 Clostridium difficile ................................................................................75
3.8.2.5 Salmonella and E. coli ............................................................................75
3.8.3 Solution for drug-resistant microorganisms ....................................................75
3.9 Summary .............................................................................................................................75
3.10 Scholar’s achievements ......................................................................................................76
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3.11 Knowledge builder .............................................................................................................77
Further reading .............................................................................................................................78
Chapter 4 Virology and vaccines ...........................................................................................83
4.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................83
4.2 Discovery of viruses ...........................................................................................................83
4.3 Anatomy of virus ................................................................................................................84
4.3.1 Helical-shaped viruses ........................................................................................84
4.3.2 Icosahedral-shaped viruses ................................................................................85
4.3.3 Enveloped viruses ................................................................................................85
4.3.4 Complex viruses ...................................................................................................86
4.4 Internal organization of viruses .......................................................................................86
4.5 Human diseases caused by viruses .................................................................................87
4.5.1 Epidemiology of viral-induced diseases ...........................................................88
4.5.2 Epidemic caused by viruses ................................................................................89
4.5.3 Pandemic caused by viruses ...............................................................................89
4.5.4 Oncovirus ..............................................................................................................89
4.5.5 Avian flu .................................................................................................................91
4.5.5.1 How to diagnosis viral infection .......................................................92
4.6 Prevention strategy for viral infections ...........................................................................92
4.7 Antiviral drugs ...................................................................................................................93
4.7.1 Targeting cell surface ...........................................................................................93
4.7.2 Entry inhibitor .......................................................................................................94
4.7.3 Uncoating inhibitor ..............................................................................................94
4.7.4 Viral synthesis .......................................................................................................94
4.7.5 Integrase .................................................................................................................94
4.7.6 Translation or ribozymes .....................................................................................95
4.7.7 Protease inhibitors ................................................................................................95
4.7.8 Challenges of antiviral drugs .............................................................................95
4.8 Significance of vaccines .....................................................................................................95
4.8.1 Type of vaccines ....................................................................................................96
4.8.1.1 Live attenuated vaccines .....................................................................96
4.8.1.2 Inactivated vaccines.............................................................................96
4.8.1.3 Toxoid vaccines ....................................................................................96
4.8.1.4 Component vaccines ............................................................................96
4.8.1.5 Other vaccines ......................................................................................97
4.8.2 Production of vaccines .........................................................................................97
4.8.3 Delivery of vaccines .............................................................................................98
4.9 Vaccines controversies .......................................................................................................98
4.9.1 Effectiveness of vaccines......................................................................................98
4.9.2 Safety of vaccines ..................................................................................................99
4.9.2.1 Vaccine overdose ..................................................................................99
4.10 Development of new vaccines ..........................................................................................99
4.10.1 Vaccine against rotavirus ..................................................................................100
4.10.2 Vaccine against pneumococcal disease ...........................................................100
4.10.3 Human papillomavirus .....................................................................................101
4.10.4 Meningococcal meningitis A ............................................................................101
4.11 Summary ...........................................................................................................................102
4.12 Scholar’s achievements ....................................................................................................102