Biotechnology in Agriculture and Food Processing: Opportunities and Challenges

681 Pages·2013·15.3 MB·English

by  Parmjit S. Panesar

Biotechnology in
Agriculture and
Food Processing
Opportunities and Challenges
Biotechnology in
Agriculture and
Food Processing
Opportunities and Challenges
Edited by
Parmjit S. Panesar
Satwinder S. Marwaha
Boca Raton London New York
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contents
Preface.....................................................................................................................vii
Acknowledgments..................................................................................................ix
Editors.......................................................................................................................xi
Contributors..........................................................................................................xiii
Part I Fundamental Concepts
1. Biotechnology and Its Role in Agriculture and Food Processing.........3
Parmjit S. Panesar and Satwinder S. Marwaha
2. Genomics in Agriculture and Food Processing......................................45
Peter C. McKeown, Channa Keshavaiah, Antoine Fort, Reetu Tuteja,
Manash Chatterjee, Rajeev K. Varshney, and Charles Spillane
Part II Biotechnology in Agriculture
3. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture Techniques in Crop Improvement......73
Dinesh K. Srivastava, Geetika Gambhir, and Poornima Sharma
4. Genetic Transformation and Crop Improvement.................................133
Kailash C. Bansal and Dipnarayan Saha
5. Production of Biofertilizers.......................................................................169
Dinesh Goyal and Santosh K. Goyal
6. Production of Biopesticides.......................................................................191
Surinder Kaur, Gurpreet S. Dhillon, Satinder K. Brar, and Ramesh Chand
Part III Biotechnology in Food Processing
7. Production of Fermented Foods................................................................219
Sanjeev K. Soni, Raman Soni, and Chetna Janveja
8. Functional Foods..........................................................................................279
Kulwant S. Sandhu and Sarabjeet K. Sra
v
vi contents
9. Enzymes in Food Processing.....................................................................329
Ivana G. Sandri, Luciani T. Piemolini-Barreto, and Roselei C. Fontana
10. Production of Polysaccharides..................................................................355
Gordon A. Morris and Stephen E. Harding
11. Production of Sweeteners..........................................................................387
Pedro Fernandes and Joaquim M.S. Cabral
12. Production of Biocolors..............................................................................417
Nuthathai Sutthiwong, Yanis Caro, Philippe Laurent, Mireille Fouillaud,
Alain Valla, and Laurent Dufossé
13. Production of Bioflavors.............................................................................447
Jyothi Ramamohan, Harish K. Chopra, and Shubhneet Kaur
14. Genetically Modified Foods......................................................................479
Konstantin Skryabin and Victor Tutelyan
Part IV Biotechnological Management of Crop
Residues and By-Products of Agro-Industries
15. Production of Mushrooms.........................................................................509
Pardeep K. Khanna and Shivani Sharma
16. Value Addition of Agro-Industrial Wastes and Residues...................557
Parmjit S. Panesar, Satwinder S. Marwaha, and Reeba Panesar
Index......................................................................................................................607
Preface
Biotechnology.has.a.long.history.of.use.in.agriculture.and.food.process-
ing..It.is.a.key.technology.and.has.played.a.significant.role.in.these.areas..It.
represents.a.combination.of.both.traditional.and.latest.techniques.based.on.
molecular.biology.and.recombinant.DNA.technology..It.has.not.only.been.
helpful.in.boosting.the.yield.of.agricultural.crops.but.has.also.led.to.the.
generation.of.novel.varieties,.which.can.play.a.significant.role.in.overcom-
ing.the.problem.of.hunger.and.malnutrition.worldwide..Biotechnological.
techniques.in.food.processing.offer.the.prospect.of.improving.existing.pro-
cesses.and.developing.novel.products..The.applications.of.biotechnology.
range.from.the.production.of.fermented.foods.to.the.development.of.biosen-
sors.and.food.safety.kits,.which.can.help.ensure.the.quality.and.safety.of.
food.products.
Agriculture.and.food.processing.are.integrated.disciplines,.with.the.lat-
ter.having.its.roots.in.the.former..The.role.of.biotechnology.in.these.areas.
reflects.the.true.picture.of.its.range.of.applications.from.“farm.to.fork.”.
Keeping.this.in.view,.the.compilation.of.this.volume.is.expected.to.provide.
comprehensive.information.to.the.readers.on.the.subject.of.biotechnology..
The.objective.of.this.volume.is.to.provide.a.perspective.on.the.important.
biotechnological.issues.that.have.direct.relevance.to.agriculture.and.food.
processing..Even.with.restricted.perspective,.the.potential.range.of.the.top-
ics.is.enormous,.and.it.is.not.possible.to.review.the.whole.field.compre-
hensively.in.a.single.volume..Hence,.a.careful.selection.of.chapters.has.
been.made.to.provide.readers.with.both.an.in-depth.study.and.a.broad.
perception.
This.volume.is.divided.into.four.parts..Part.I.explains.the.fundamental.
concepts.of.the.role.of.biotechnology.and.genomics.in.agriculture.and.food.
processing..Part.II.focuses.on.specific.applications.of.biotechnology.in.agri-
culture.and.includes.chapters.on.plant.cell.and.tissue.culture.techniques,.
and.genetic.transformation.in.crop.improvement,.besides.production.of.bio-
fertilizers.and.biopesticides..Part.III.comprises.of.chapters.that.deal.with.
different.aspects.of.biotechnology.in.food.processing.such.as.production.of.
fermented.foods,.functional.foods,.enzymes.in.food.processing,.production.
of.polysaccharides,.production.of.sweeteners,.biocolors.and.bioflavors,.and.
genetically.modified.foods..Part.IV.focuses.on.chapters.on.the.management.
of.crop.residues.and.by-products.of.agro-industries,.comprising.mushroom.
production.and.value.addition.to.agro-industrial.wastes.and.residues.
We.hope.that.this.volume.will.contribute.to.understanding.the.significance.
of.biotechnology.applications.in.agriculture.and.food.processing..We.also.
hope.that.it.will.help.in.recognizing.the.role.of.microorganisms,.enzymes,.
and.biotechnological.techniques.in.both.disciplines,.which.can.give.further.
vii
viii Preface
understanding.of.mechanisms.contributing.to.the.improvement.of.the.over-
all.quality.of.agriculture.and.food.products.
In.summary,.this.volume,.Biotechnology in Agriculture and Food Processing:
Opportunities and Challenges,.is.an.instructive.and.comprehensive.overview.
of.current.knowledge.about.the.interventions.of.biotechnology.in.agricul-
ture.and.food.applications..In.each.chapter,.a.brief.introduction,.fundamentals,.
and.applications.of.the.topic.are.provided,.together.with.future.prospects.and.
recent.references..Efforts.have.been.made.to.present.each.chapter.in.a.well-
documented.and.illustrated.manner.with.suitable.tables.and.figures..To.make.
each.chapter.complete.in.itself,.some.information.may.be.similar.to.that.in.
other.chapters,.but,.considering.the.subject.matter.as.a.whole,.should.not.be.
considered.as.repetitive.
In.conclusion,.this.volume.is.an.indispensable.treatise.that.offers.a.holistic.
view.of.all.the.aspects.related.to.the.subject.and.will.be.a.useful.source.not.
only.to.academicians.but.also.to.people.working.in.industry..It.is.also.hoped.
that.both.students.and.professionals.will.equally.benefit.from.this.volume.
Parmjit S. Panesar
Satwinder S. Marwaha
Acknowledgments
We.are.indeed.grateful.to.all.the.contributors.for.sharing.their.expertise.
and.for.their.cooperation.and.promptness.in.revising.the.manuscript..We.
acknowledge.the.various.sources.of.illustrations.used.in.this.volume,.which.
have.been.presented.in.the.form.of.figures.and.tables.and.also.in.the.form.of.
references.given.at.the.end.of.every.chapter..We.also.appreciate.the.support.
rendered.by.the.research.scholars.in.compiling.this.volume.
We.are.especially.indebted.to.Dr..Gagandeep.Singh,.commissioning.edi-
tor,.and.Marsha.Pronin,.project.coordinator,.CRC.Press,.Taylor.&.Francis.
Group,.for.their.support.in.bringing.out.this.volume..We.also.extend.our.
thanks.to.the.production.team.of.Taylor.&.Francis.Group.for.their.efforts.in.
the.production.of.this.volume.
Last.but.not.least,.we.acknowledge.the.support.of.our.family.members.in.
the.preparation.of.this.volume.
ix
Editors
Parmjit S. Panesar.is.a.doctorate.in.biotechnology.from.Punjabi.University,.
Patiala,.India,.with.more.than.15.years.experience.in.the.area.of.food.bio-
technology.and.enzyme/fermentation.technology..He.now.works.as.profes-
sor,.Biotechnology.Research.Laboratory,.Department.of.Food.Engineering.
and.Technology,.Sant.Longowal.Institute.of.Engineering.and.Technology.
(deemed.to.be.university;.established.by.the.Government.of.India),.Longowal,.
Punjab,.India..In.2005,.he.was.awarded.BOYSCAST.(Better.Opportunities.for.
Young.Scientists.in.Chosen.Areas.of.Science.and.Technology).fellowship.by.
the.Department.of.Science.and.Technology.(DST),.Ministry.of.Science.and.
Technology,.Government.of.India,.to.carry.out.advance.research.in.indus-
trial.biotechnology.at.Chembiotech.Laboratories,.University.of.Birmingham.
Research.Park,.Birmingham,.United.Kingdom..His.postdoctoral.research.
focused.on.the.development.of.immobilized.cell.technology.for.the.produc-
tion.of.lactic.acid.from.whey..Besides,.he.has.also.been.involved.in.U.S.-.and.
Australian-sponsored.projects.on.the.scale-up.of.a.commercial.polysaccha-
ride.derivative.in.biomedical.applications.and.critical.evaluation.of.a.com-
mercial.test.kit.for.the.detection.of.trace.levels.of.explosives..In.1999,.Dr..
Panesar.was.awarded.the.Young.Scientist.Fellowship.by.the.Punjab.State.
Council.for.Science.and.Technology,.Punjab..He.has.undergone.advance.
training. from. different. leading. institutes/labs,. including. International.
Centre.for.Genetic.Engineering.and.Biotechnology,.Trieste,.Italy;.Institute.
of.Microbial.Technology,.Chandigarh,.India;.Central.Food.Technological.
Research.Institute,.Mysore,.Karnataka,.India;.and.National.Dairy.Research.
Institute,.Karnal,.India.
Dr..Panesar.has.published.more.than.80.international/national.scientific.
papers,.50.book.reviews.in.peer-reviewed.journals,.and.20.chapters.and.has.
authored/edited.4.books..He.is.a.member.of.the.editorial.advisory.boards.
of.national/international.journals.and.of.various.national.and.international.
professional.bodies.and.committees,.including.scientific.panel.on.“geneti-
cally.modified.organisms.and.foods”.constituted.by.the.Food.Safety.and.
Standards.Authority.of.India..He.is.also.a.member.of.curriculum.devel-
opment. committee. for. designing. syllabi. for. the. food. technology. and.
biotechnology.courses.of.various.institutes/universities.of.India..He.has.suc-
cessfully.handled.four.major.research.projects.sponsored.by.different.fund-
ing.agencies,.such.as.Council.of.Scientific.and.Industrial.Research,.Ministry.
of.Human.Resources.Development,.New.Delhi..He.is.a.life.member.of.the.
International.Forum.on.Industrial.Bioprocesses,.Biotechnology.Research.
Society.of.India,.Association.of.Microbiologists.of.India,.Association.of.
Food.Scientists,.Indian.Science.Congress.Association,.and.Technologists.
and.Indian.Society.for.Technical.Education..He.is.also.on.the.reviewer.panel.
xi
xii Editors
of.many.national/international.journals.related.to.food.and.biotechnology..
His.research.interests.include.microbial.fermentation,.application.of.immo-
bilized.cells/enzymes.in.different.bioprocesses,.and.synthesis.of.prebiotics.
Satwinder S. Marwaha.received.his.doctorate.in.microbiology.from.Punjab.
Agricultural.University,.Ludhiana,.India,.in.1981.and.is.now.the.chief.execu-
tive.officer.of.Punjab.Biotechnology.Incubator.(PBTI),.an.important.compo-
nent.of.cluster.of.agri-food.biotechnology.being.developed.in.the.Knowledge.
City,.SAS.Nagar,.Mohali,.India..He.was.director.(biotechnology).of.the.Punjab.
State.Council.for.Science.and.Technology.from.1997.to.2006.and.professor.
and.chairman,.Department.of.Biotechnology,.Punjabi.University,.Patiala,.
India,.from.1994.to.1997..He.now.works.as.visiting.professor.and.adjunct.
professor.at.the.leading.central.universities.of.India.
Dr..Marwaha.has.completed.many.research.projects.for.the.scale-up.of.
laboratory-developed.processes.to.technologies.for.transfer.to.field.and.
industry..He.has.been.a.member.of.academic.councils/board.of.studies.
and. committees. of. state-. and. national-level. institutions/organizations/
corporate.as.well.as.a.member.of.the.board.of.directors.of.a.number.of.
national..biotech/life.sciences.industries..He.also.serves.as.a.member.of.
the.State.Expert.Appraisal.Committee.(SEAC).constituted.by.the.Ministry.
of.Environment.and.Forest,.Government.of.India,.Scientific.Panel.on.GM.
Crops.and.Foods.of.Food.Safety.and.Standards.Authority.of.India.(FSSAI),.
and.member.of.the.Board.of.Directors.of.Export.Inspection.Council.(EIC).
of.India.
In.recognition.of.his.professional.contribution,.he.was.conferred.with.the.
State.Award.by.the.Government.of.Punjab.(India).in.2003.for.promoting.sci-
ence.and.technology..Professor.Marwaha.was.also.a.commonwealth.fellow.
in.1982–1983.at.the.University.of.Birmingham,.United.Kingdom,.and.pursued.
his.research.activities.in.the.area.of.fermentation.technology..He.has.pub-
lished.more.than.120.research.papers.and.review.articles.in.international/
national.journals.and.has.contributed.more.than.30.chapters.in.books.
published.by.national.and.international.publishing.houses..He.has.also.
published.eight.books.in.the.areas.of.agriculture,.including.agro-processing.
biotechnology,.food.biotechnology,.and.environmental.biotechnology.