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BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR WASTE AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT by Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Ph.D. NOYES PUBLICATIONS Weatwood, New Jerary, U.8.A. Copyright 0 1996 by Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: ISBN: 0-8155-1409-3 Printed in the United States Published in the United States of America by Noyes Publications Fairview Avenue, Westwood, New Jersey 07675 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cheremisinoff, Nicholas P. Biotechnology for waste and wastewater treatment / Nicholas P. Cheremisnoff. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8155-1409-3 1. Sewage--Purification--Biological treatment. 2. Water- -Purification--Biological treatment. I. Title. TD755.C547 1996 96-45255 628.3--d~21 CIP NOTICE To the best of our knowledge the information in this publication is accurate; however, the Publisher does not assume any responsibility or liability for the accuracy or completeness of, or consequences arising from, such information. This book is intended for informational purposes only. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Publisher. Final determination of the suitability of any information or product for use contemplated by any user, and the manner of that use, is the sole responsibility of the user. We recommend that anyone intending to rely on any recommendation of materials or procedures mentioned in this publication should satisfy himself as to such suitability, and that he can meet all applicable safety and health standards. vi ABOUT THE AUTHOR Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff is a private consultant to industry, academia, and government. He has nearly twenty years of industry and applied research experience in elastomers, synthetic fuels, petrochemicals manufacturing, and environmental control. A chemical engineer by trade, he has authored over 100 engineering textbooks and has contributed extensively to the industrial press. He is currently working for the United States Agency for International Development in Eastern Ukraine, where he is managing the Industrial Waste Management Project. Dr. Cheremisinoff received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Clarkson College of Technology. vii CONTENTS ..................................... Preface iii ................................ About the Author Y . CHAPTER 1 BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR INDUS.T.R.I.A.L. ..... AND MUNICIPAL WASTES 1 ................ Wastewater Treatment 3 ..................... BOD Removal 5 ........... Types of Biological Processes 5 ................ Municipal Wastewater 6 .............. Activated Sludge Process 7 Conventional (Plug Flow) Activated ...................... Sludge 10 .................. Tapered Aeration 12 ................. Step Feed Aeration 12 ................ Contact Stabilization 12 .................... Complete Mix 13 ................. Extended Aeration 13 ................... Oxidation Ditch 13 ................ Anaerobic Digestion 15 MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANT ....................... SLUDGES 18 ................... Desulfurization 21 ............ Nitrification/Denitrification 25 ...................... Nitrification 27 ........... Suspended Growth Systems 34 ............. Attached Growth Systems 34 ....................... Aquatics 35 ................ Concluding Remarks 35 ix x Contents . CHAPTER 2 BIOLOGICAL DEGRADAT.IO.N. .O.F. ....... HAZARDOUS WASTES 37 .................... INTRODUCTION 38 ..... ABIOTIC TREATMENT TECHNIQUES 42 ............... Wastewater Treatment 42 ............. Liquids-Solids Separation 42 ................ Chemical Treatment 43 .................. Physical Methods 44 ..................... Incineration 46 ................. Wet Air Oxidation 48 ............. Solidification Techniques 48 ...... BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS 49 ................... Land Treatment 50 ...................... Composting 51 . . Liquids/Solids Treatment Systems (LSTS) 52 .................... Soil Biofilters 54 ............... Wastewater Treatment 55 ............. Activated Sludge Process 56 .............. Trickling Over Process 56 ..................... Stabilization 57 DETERMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL .................. DEGRADABILITY 57 ............. Basis for Biodegradation 58 ........................ Genetics 59 ............. Testing for Recalcitrance 61 .............. Aerobic Tiered Testing 62 ............. Anaerobic Tiered Testing 63 ............. Testing for Recalcitrance 63 .................... PILOT STUDIES 66 ................ PCB Biodegradation 66 ................ Methyl Ethyl Ketone 69 .................. Landfill Leachate 70 LABORATORY STUDIES OF AEROBIC .................... DEGRADATION 71 .................. TCE Degradation 71 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon .................... Degradation 73 ............... Ring Fission Products 74 ............ Phenanthrene Degradation 78 Contents xi ............ Chlorophenol Degradation 79 ................. Chlorinated Wastes 80 ............ p-Nitrophenol Degradation 80 Degradation of Fluoro Substituted ...................... Benzenes 81 ......... Pentachlorophenol Degradation 81 ................... Oil Degradation 82 HexachlorocyclohexaneDegradation ...... 83 ................ Aniline Degradation 85 ................. Disulfide Removal 86 ............. Metolachlor Degradation 87 ............. Activated Sludge Studies 87 ....... Polyphosphate Degrading Enzymes 88 Two Stage BiologicalKhemical Treatment .................... of Leachate 89 .............. ANAEROBIC BACTERIA 90 ...................... Metabolism 90 ................ Anaerobic Processes 92 .................. Perchloroethylene 93 .......... Coal Gasification Wastewater 94 ................... Tannery Wastes 94 . . 1.1. 1.Trichloroethane Degradation In-Situ 95 ...... Patent for Haloaromatic Compounds 96 ................. 2. 4.Dichlorophenol 96 ........................... FUNGI 97 .......................... Dioxin 97 .................. PAH Degradation 98 ....................... Selenium 99 ........... Immobilization of Phenolics 99 ............... Metalaxyl Degradation 99 .................... CONCLUSIONS 100 ..................... REFERENCES 101 . CHAPTER 3 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES: MUTANT ..................... BACTERIA 111 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT . ..................... OVERVIEW 111 ....... MICROBIOLOGY BACKGROUND 112 xii Contents .......... Energy and Carbon Sources 112 ................ Type of Organisms 114 .............. BACTERIAL GROWTH 116 ............ Factors Affecting Growth 116 .................... Temperature 116 .......................... pH 116 ....................... Oxygen 117 ...................... Nutrients 117 .............. KINETICS OF GROWTH 117 ................... Growth Curve 117 ....................... Cultures 118 ............... Substrate Utilization 119 .............. Continuous Treatment 121 INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT ..................... PROCESSES 122 ................. Aerated Processes 123 .... Activated Sludge (Suspended Growth) 127 ................. Aerated Lagoons 129 ................ Waste Stabilization 132 ...... Trickling Filter (Attached Growth) 132 .... Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC) 133 .................... Packed Beds 133 .................... Landfarming 134 ....... Anaerobic Digestion (Treatment) 135 ............... MUTANT BACTERIA 137 .................... Case Histories 138 ............... Dissenting Opinions 144 ..................... REFERENCES 145 . CHAPTER 4 NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION IN THE ACT..IV..A.T.E..D. .S.L.U..D.G.E.. .... PROCESS 151 ................... INTRODUCTION 151 .............. FORMS OF NITROGEN 152 ............. NITRIFYING BACTERIA 153 ...... NITRIFICATION STOICHIOMETRY 155 NITRIFICATION PROCESS VARIABLES .................. AND KINETICS 156 .............. Ammonium Oxidation 157 Contents xiii ................. Nitrite Oxidation 158 Solids Retention Time (SRT) ......... 158 ...... Effect of Temperature on Kinetics 159 ............ Effect of pH on Kinetics 160 ............ Effect of DO on Kinetics 160 .... Effect of Organic Loading on Kinetics 161 Inhibition of Nitrification ............ 162 .................. DENITRIFICATION 164 ........... DENITRIFYING BACTERIA 164 DENITRIFICATION STOICHIOMETRY .... 165 DENITRIFICATION PROCESS VARIABLES .................. AND KINETICS 166 Effect of NO,. N Concentration on ...................... Kinetics 166 ...... Effect of Temperature on Kinetics 166 Effect of pH on Kinetics ............ 167 Effect of Carbon Concentration on Kinetics ...................... 167 . . . . . . . . . . NITRIFICATION PROCESSES 167 ....... Plug-Flow Versus Complete Mix 167 ... Single-Stage Versus Two-Stage Systems 168 ........ DENITRIFICATION PROCESSES 170 Denitrification Using Methanol as the Carbon Source ................. 170 Denitrification Using Organic Matter ......... Present in Raw Wastewater 174 Denitrification Using Thiosulfate and ...................... Sulfide 176 ....... SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 177 REFERENCES ..................... 184 . CHAPTER 5 IN-SITU BIORECLAMATION OF ... CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER 189 ................... INTRODUCTION 189 TREATING CONTAMINATED ................. GROUNDWATER 193 . . . . . . . . . APPLICATION OF MODELING 196 ............. SOC and NO.. Profiles 196 ................ One-BAZ Columr 198 xiv Contents ................ TWO-BAZC olumn 199 .......... Secondary Substrate Profiles 204 .............. Carbon Tetrachloride 204 Bromoform. Ethylene Dibromide. . . Tetrachloroethene. and Trichloroethene 209 ... Simulation of Bioreclamation Strategies 210 .................... CONCLUSIONS 216 ...................... REFERENCES 221 ..................................... Index 225