Biotechnology and Public Engagement in Europe PDF
Preview Biotechnology and Public Engagement in Europe
Biotechnology and Public Engagement in Europe Janus Hansen Copenhagen Business School, Denmark Biotechnology and Public Engagement in Europe This page intentionally left blank Biotechnology and Public Engagement in Europe Janus Hansen CopenhagenBusinessSchool,Denmark ©JanusHansen2010 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010978-0-230-24212-8 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentified astheauthorofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2010by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-31780-6 ISBN 978-0-230-27750-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230277502 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Hansen,Janus,1973– BiotechnologyandpublicengagementinEurope/JanusHansen. p. cm. 1. Biotechnology—Europe—Publicopinion. 2. Biotechnology— Politicalaspects—Europe. I. Title. TP248.195.E8H362010 660.6094—dc22 2010002690 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Contents ListofTables,FiguresandBox viii Acknowledgements ix ListofAbbreviationsandAcronyms xi Introduction:ManagingtheTensionbetweenScienceand Democracy–theCaseofPublicEngagementProcesses 1 Outlineoftheargument 4 1 TheAnatomyofaTechnologicalControversy 7 Biotechnologicalcontroversiesasobjects ofsociologicalinvestigation 7 Socialresearchinapolarisedcontroversy 9 Biotechnologyandthepublicinsurveys andqualitativeresearch 11 ‘Riskasproxy’–thedevelopmentofbiotechgovernance 20 2 DiscoursesofPublicEngagement 28 Challengestothetechnocraticmodel–theemergence oftechnologyassessment 29 Exploringtheintellectualunderpinningsofparticipatory technologyassessment 31 Anewroleforsocietyincontemporaryknowledge production 34 Expertknowledgeandlayknowledge 39 PTAasdeliberativedemocracyinpractice 42 Organisationalfeaturesofparticipatorytechnology assessment–aninitialclassification 44 3 AnalysingPTAsinaPolycontextualSociety 48 Axiomaticbasis:systemsofcommunication andtheirenvironments 49 Modernityasfunctionaldifferentiation 52 Observingtechnologythroughsystemstheory 56 Riskanddanger 57 Trustasacomplexity-reducingsocialmechanism 60 v vi Contents Observingthepublic 63 Functionaldifferentiationandpublicengagement 66 PTAsasforumsforintersystemicmediation 68 AnoperationalapproachtoanalysingPTAs 71 StudyingPTAsempirically 72 4 EngagingthePublicinDenmark–TheProblemof Resonance 77 BiotechpolicyinDenmarkpriorto1996 78 Re-emergenceofcontroversyaroundcommercialised biotechnology 81 PublicengagementexperiencesinDenmark 82 Theconsensusconferenceformat 84 The1999consensusconferenceonGMfoodandcrops 86 Impactsoftheconsensusconference 89 TheBioTIKcommission 91 Uptakeof‘ethics’bythepoliticalsystem 95 TheBioTIKsecretariat 96 Danishpolicysubsequenttotheconsensus conferenceandBioTIK 98 AnalyticalfeaturesofpublicengagementinDenmark 100 Theproblemofresonance 105 5 EngagingthePublicintheUK–TheProblemof Inclusion 111 Settingthescene 111 ThepublicunderstandingofsciencediscourseintheUK 112 Policyfailure,intransparencyandthedeclineinpublictrust 113 Anewmoodforconsultationandpublicparticipation 114 PublicparticipationinbiotechnologyintheUK 116 TheUKregulatoryframework 117 Thedecisiontohaveapublicdebate 120 Theframingofthedebate 124 Thedebateprocess 129 Debateoutcomes 132 Analyticalfeaturesofthe‘GMNation?’procedure 134 Operationalisingthepublicfordebate 136 Theroleofscienceintheprocedure 140 Theeffectsofthe‘GMNation?’ 144 Theproblemofinclusion 149 Contents vii 6 EngagingthePublicinGermany–TheProblemof Mediation 152 Theemergenceandshapingofbiotechnologyasa regulatoryissueinGermany 153 Organisedparticipatoryassessmentsofbiotechnology inGermany 156 DiskursGrüneGentechnik–aparticipatoryprocedure inacorporatistsetting 159 Thepreparatoryphase 162 Thediscoursephase 166 EffectsofDiskursGrüneGentechnik 170 AnalyticalfeaturesofDiskursGrüneGentechnik 172 Theproblemofmediation 178 7 ProceduresandChallengesCompared 181 Constructionofrepresentativeness 182 Constructionofcompetence 189 Linkstopolicy-making 196 8 Conclusion 202 Appendix:InterviewsConducted 213 Notes 215 References 228 Index 238 List of Tables, Figures and Box Tables 1.1 Tenmythsamongstakeholdersaboutthepublic 19 2.1 KeycharacteristicsofpublicvsstakeholderPTAs 47 3.1 Anoperationalframeworkforcomparativeanalysisof PTAs 73 4.1 TheBioTIKinitiativeandthe1999consensusconference contrasted 104 5.1 Summaryofthe‘GMNation?’procedure 149 6.1 SummaryoftheDiskursGrüneGentechnikprocedure 177 7.1 Comparingtheconstructionofrepresentativenessinthe procedures 188 7.2 Comparingtheconstructionofcompetence 194 7.3 Comparingtheprocedures’linkstopolicy-making 199 8.1 Summaryoffindings 206 Figures 2.1 PTAastheobjectofcross-disciplinaryresearch 35 2.2 Theemergenceofpost-normalscience 37 Box 5.1 Observingmeetings 130 viii Acknowledgements I would like to thank some of the people who have helped me in vari- ouswaystowritethisbook.Muchoftheresearchreportedhereoriginate frommydoctoralworkconductedattheEuropeanUniversityInstitute inFlorence(EUI)from2001to2005.TheEUIprovidedaverystimulat- ing intellectual environment and introduced me to many new friends from all over Europe. I still benefit from this long after having left the Institute,andIamverygratefultoallofthem.FromthatperiodIshould like to thank, in particular, my supervisor, Colin Crouch, who contin- ued to have great faith in my work, even at the times when I, myself, had difficulty seeing whether any progress was being made. Likewise, Klaus Eder of Humboldt University in Berlin, who acted as an exter- nalco-supervisor,providedinvaluablesupportbyalwayspressingmeto clarifymyarguments. During my doctoral work, I also benefited from the hospitality of other academic environments: as a visiting scholar at New York Uni- versity, where I benefited greatly from discussing my work with the lateDorothyNelkin;attheScienceandTechnologyStudiesUnitatthe University of York, where Nik Brown and Andrew Webster – and the wholeteamofMarieCuriefellows–providedaperfectenvironmentfor conducting the UK case study; and the Centre for Bioethics and Risk Assessment at the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, wherePeterSandøe,LotteHolmandJesperLassenwerekindenoughto provide both office facilities and a friendly academic environment duringmystaysinDenmark. After returning to Copenhagen, I had the great fortune of becoming amemberofthethennewlyfoundedInternationalCenterforBusiness andPoliticsattheCopenhagenBusiness School.Thisiswherethetask oftransformingmydoctoralthesisintothisbooktookplace.Fromthis period, I would like to thank, in particular, the past and present direc- tors, Ove K. Pedersen and Lars Bo Kaspersen, for inviting me to join thecentre,aswellasallmycolleaguesthere,forprovidingaconstantly stimulatingacademicenvironmentandaveryfriendlyatmosphere. Much of the work involved in producing this book has been made possible through a post-doctoral grant from the Danish Social Science ResearchCouncil(Grantno275-05-0240),thesupportofwhomIwould ix
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