Biotechnology

880 Pages·2010·87.039 MB·English

by  U Satyanarayan

U, St t cyt tn ttr etyetnet
Dr. U. Satyanardyana
M.Sc..P h D.. F.l.C..F .A,CB .
Professor of Biochemistry
Siddhartha M edical Colle ge
(NTR University of Health Sciences)
Vijayawada, A.P., India
BOOf(S AND ALLIED (Pl Lto.
No. 1-El2, "SHUBHenr Pr-eza" (ltt Ft-oon),
83/I BauAGFIATA MarN Roao, I(olrera 7OOO10 (INore)
Telefax : ([phone] , 24I-84I1' e- mail : books@ c al.vsnl.net.in
Biotechnologg
FirstP ublished: 2005
Beprinted: 2O062, 007,2 008,2 009
Reprinte:d2 010
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Atl tights reserved. No pari of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
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and retrieval system, without the priot written permission of the Publisher.
Exclusive rights reseNed by the Publisher for publishing, printing, sale, marketing, distribution,
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About Cover Design
Depicts the production of a recombinant DNAm otecule,a nd its utility in modern Biotechnologyw ith
reference to microorganisms,p lants and animals. (Note : This design is an oversimplification
of the facts. For the sake of clarity,o nly a few heliceso f DNAs tructure are shown).
Publisher ArunabhaS en
BOOKSA ND ALLIED( P) Lro.
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Text Graphics Shyamal Bhattacharya
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tsBN I t-8 ? t lt-qo-q
Price : Rs.775.OO (Rupees Seven hundred and Seventy{ive) only
t
Author Sponsored& Supportedb y :
UPPAIA AUTHOR_PUBLISHERIN TERLINKS
D.No.4 8-16-10N, agarjunaN agarM, ahanaduB oad,V ijayawada5 2000(8A 'P')
Biotechnologiys an exciting,r apidlyd evelopinga nd revolutionarsyc ientificd isciplinew, ith its roots
in biologicaal ndt echnologicaslc iencesD. uringt he pastf ew yearst,h e majorityo f scientificb reakthroughs
in biologicals ciencesh ave come from biotechnologyp,a rticularlyin volvingg enetice ngineeringB. io-
technologyim pingeso n everyone'sli fe, and is truly regardeda s the scientificte chnologyo f the twenty-
first century.
THE NECESSITFYO RA COMPREHENSIVEEO OK ON BIOTECHNOTOGY
Biotechnologiys a subjectle arntb y studentws ith differenbt ackgroundast the undergraduaaten d post-
graduatele vels.lt ist ruet hatt herea res omeb ooksn ow availableo n biotechnolog(yb y Indiana ndf oreign
authors)T. heseb ooks,h oweverd, eal with one or two specializeda reasr athert han cdveringt he broad
spectrumo f biotechnologyC.o nsequentltyh, e studentsh avet o dependo n manyb ooksf or gooda nd latest
informationo n biotechnologyT. here is a long-feltn eed for a comprehensivbeo ok on biotechnology
providingu pdatedi nformationo n the subject.
THE BIRTHO F THE NEW BOOK
It will not be out of placet o mentionh ereh ow and when this book was born.T he entireb ook was
writteni n the earlyh ours( between2 AM and 6AM, when the world aroundi s fasta sleep)d, uringw hich
periodl carry out my intellectuaal ctivitiesA. ftera sounds leep,a freshm ind ppckedw ith creativei deas
and innovativeth oughtsh, asl argelyh elpedm e to write this book in a novela nd uniquew ay.T ruly,e ach
pageo f this book was conceivedi n darknessa nd born at day break!
MAION HIGHTIGHTSO F THE BOOK'BIOTECHNOIOGY'
The presentb ook 'BIOTECHNOt-OCy'i,n colour,w ith severaln ovel featuresi,s comprehensively
written with latesta dvancesi n the subjectt o meet the needso f all categorieso f studentsl earning
biotechnology.
'The sectiono n 'Basicst o learn Biotechnologyp' rovidest he most essentiailn formationn eededt o
understanbdi otechnologyT.h isi s particularluy sefutlo studentfsr omd iversqb ackgroundwsh o aree xposed
to biotechnologayl l of a sudden.M olecularB iologyi s.dealwt ith iri goodd etail,a s it layst he foundations
for genetice ngineeringa nd modernb iotechnology.
The other sectionsi n this book include RecombinanDt NA TechnologyM, edical/Pharmaceutical
BiotechnologyM, icrobial/lndustriaBli otechnologyA,n imal Cell/AnimaBl iotechnologyP,l ant/Agricultural
Biotechnologayn d EnvironmentaBl iotechnologyE.a chs ectioni s carefullyc raftedt o providee xtensive,
relevanta nd most recenti nformation.
The book is writteni n a lucid stylew ith colour illustrationsh,e adingss, ub-headingtsa, blesa nd flou,
charts.C oloursa re usefulf or betteru nderstandinagn d easy reproducibilityo f the subjectm atter.A n
extensiveg lossaryis addedt o the book to maket he commonlyu sedt ermsa nd words in biotechnology
very clear.
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Besidest he studentc ommunity, this book will immenselyh elp the personnelw orking in biotechnology
laboratoriesa nd industries.T he languagea nd contentso f this book are made so simple and easyt hat even
a lay man with a minimal knowledge of biological sciencesw ill be able to understandt he essenceo f
biotechnology.
As the subject of biotechnology is multidisciplinaryib ooks on the subject are written by authors with
different backgrounds-botany, zoology, genetics,p harmacy, agriculture,e ngineering,e tc, This resultsi n
an inevitable bias in the books. For instance, an author with a botany background tends to pay more
attentiont o planVagriculturalb iotechnolgy.T he presentb ook is free from such bias. Written by an author
with biochemistry background, covering all aspectso f life sciences,i t is well balanced in the treatment
of various branches of biotechnology. However, there is a perceptible bias in the book towards recent
information on the applicationso f different brancheso f biotechnology to human healthcare,a nd for the
ultimate benefit of mankind. This is justifiablef rom the fact that more than TOoho f the budget earmarked
for biotechnologl, vst.tt.^ in developing countries goes towards healthcare research.
AN INVITATIONT O READERS
Thisb ooki sd esignedto catert o the needso f all categorieosf studentsle arningb iotechnologiyn various
disciplines-lifes ciencese, ngineeringa nd technologym, edicine,a gricultufep, harmacyv, eterinarye tc.
Thus,t his book may be regardeda s a buffett ablew ith somethingfo r everyone( in everyd iscipline)l.t is
ultimatelyf or the readert o do appropriates elf-servicaen d enjoy the menu.
I invitet he readersfo r the wonderfula nd excitingw orld of biotechnologya,n d learnt he subjectt o
maximump ossiblew ith easea nd pleasure.
The subjecto f biotechnologyis very vast,t hereforeit is not an easyj ob to preparea concentrated
capsuleo f biotechnologyA.s thisb ook is intendedto catert o the needso f studentsle arningb iotechnologv
fromm anyd ifferendt isciplinesth, erei sa loto f scopeto improveth eb ooki n futureT. hisp rimarilyd epends
on the feedbackfr om the facultya nd studentsw ith specificr equestsa nd ideas.
It is truet hatI represenat selectedg roupo f individualsa uthoringb ooks,h avings omet ime at disposal.
besidesh ardw ork, determinationa nd dedication.lc onsider myselfa s an eternall earnera nd a regular
studenot f biotechnologyH. owever,it is beyondm y capabilityto keept racko f the evergrowinga dvances
in biotechnologdyu et o thee xponentiagl rowtho f thes ubjecta, rrdt hism akesm e nervousI. honestlya dmit
that I havet o dependo n maturer eadersfo r subsequenetd itionso f this book.
I welcomec onstructivea nd helpfuls uggestiontso improvet he book.
DR. U. SATYANARAYA\,{
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I owe a deepd ebt of gratitudeto my parentst,h e lateS ri U. VenkataS ubbaiaha, nd Smt.V ajramma,
for cultivatingin me the habito f early rising.T he writingo f this book would neverh aveb eenp ossible
withoutt his healthyh abit.I am gratefutlo Dr. B. S. NarasingaR ao( formerD irector,N ationalI nstituteo f
Nutrition,H yderbadf)o r discipliningm y professionalilf e,a ndt o my eldestb rotherD, r. U. Cudaru( former
Professoorf Powers ystemsW, alchandC ollegeo f EngineerinSg,a ngli)f,o r discipliningm y personalli fe
My youngers on,U . Amrutpani,h asm adea significanct ontributiona t everys tagei n the preparation
of thisb ook-writing, verificationp, roof-readinge,t c.M y elders on,D r. U. ChakrapanMi .B.B.SM, .S.,h as
helpedm e with hisc reativeid easa nd constructivseu ggestiontos orientt he bookw ith adequatee mphasis
on human healthcareb, esidesi nvolvingh imselfi n the verificationa nd proof-readingo f the book. I
acknowledgeth e help of my friend, Dr. P. Ramanujam( Readeri n English,A ndhra Loyola College,
Vijayawada)f,o r his help at variouss tageso f manuscrippt reparation.
lexpress my gratitudet o Mr. ArunabhaS en (ExecutiveD irector,B ooks& Allied Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata)
for his whole-heartedc ooperationi n bringing out this book to my satisfactionI. am gratefult o
Mr. ShyamalB hattacharyafo r the excellentp age-makinga nd graphics-workin the book. I thank
Mr. DineshB hunyaf or proof-readingI .a lsot hankM r. PrasenjiHt alderf or the coverd esigno f the book.
Last but not least,I thank my wife, KrishnaK umari,f or her constantc ooperation,s upporta nd
encouragement.
lam gratefutl o UppalaA uthor-PublisheInr terlinksV, ijayawadaf,o r sponsoringa nd supportingm e to
write this book.
DR. U. SATYANARAYANA
(llrI
ents in Brief
1l Manipulatioonf C eneE xpressiionn
HostC ells 137
Introduction to Biotechnology 12 HumanC enomeP roiect 148
I TheS copoef Biotechnology3
X{e dic al/Pharrnaceu t i cal
Iliotechnolog;'
Introduction to Nlolecular
(Biotecluroloqy in llcalthcare)
Biolog]
13 GeneT herapy 157
2 DNAa ndR NA-ComposaitniodSn tructur1e1
14 DNAi n DiseasDei agnosaisn dM edical
3 DNA-ReplicatiRone,c ombination, Forensics 173
andR epair 23 15 PharmaceuticParol ductosf DNA
4 Transcriptioann dT ranslation 38 Technology 189
16 RecombinaVnat ccines 199
5 RegulationC'oef neE xpression 59
l7 MonoclonAaln tibcdies
(HybridomTae chnology) 213
18 AssisteRd eproductiTvee chnology 227
Genetic Engtureering/
Recornbinant. DNA Technolog.v
6 Introductioton C eneticE ngineering 75 Ilicr<l bial/ In dustrial
7 BasiTc echniquiens C enetiEc ngineering9 2 Biotechnology
8 PolymerasCeh ainR eaction 19 Bioprocess/FermentTaeticohnn ology 239
(DNAA mplification) 112 20 DownstreaPmr ocessing 270
9 GeneL ibraries 120 2l EnzymTe echnology 281
10 Site-directeMdu tagenesains dP rotein 22 Biotransformation3 06
Engineering 129 23 MicrobiaPl roductioonf O reaniSc olven3ts1 1
(tJ
24 MicrobiaPl roductioonf OrganicA cids 318 49 CeneticE ngineerinpgf Plants-
25 MicrobiaPl roductioonf Antibiotics 329 Methodology 572
26 MicrobiaPl roductioonf AminoA cids 344 50Applicationosf PlantT ransformation/
TransgenPicla nts 596
27 MicrobidP roductioonf Vitamins 355
51TransgenPicla ntsa s Bioreactors 622
28 MicrobiaPl roductioonf Foodsa nd
52 GrowthP romotinBga cteriian Plants 639
Beverages 362
53MoleculaMr arker-AidePdla ntB reedins6 48
29 Single-CePllr oteina,n dM ushrooms 373
30 PolysaccharidPeosl,y hydroxyalkanoaatneds,
Lipids 382
31 Biomasasn dB ioenergy 393 Envirorunental Biotechnology
32 MicrobiaMl ininga ndM etal
54 EnvironmenPtaol llutio-n Ceneral 657
Biotechnology 400
55 Air Pollutiona ndC ontro'l 669
56 WaterP ollutiona ndS ewage 679
SewageAffasWtea terT reatment 686
Anirnal Cell/Anirnal 58 Sludgea ndS olidW astes-Treatmaenndt
Disposal 708
Biotechnolosr
59 BiodegradationandBioremediat7i1o8n
33 AnimaCl ellC ultur-e FundamentaFlasc, ilities60 ClobalE nvironmenPtarlo blems 730
andA pplications 407
34 CultureM ediaf or AnimalC ells 415
35 CulturedC ells-Biologayn d
Biotechnology and Societ..v
Characterization 423
36 PrimarCy ulturea ndC ellL ines 437 61 Biotechnology-SocieRtyi,s ksE, thics,
37 AnimalC ellC ulture-CeneraClo nsiderations Patenting 739
andS cale-up 450
38CellV iabilitya ndC ytotoxicity 459
39CellT ransformatiaonnd C ellC loning 463
Basics to Learn Biotechnolopg'
40 Organa nd HistotypiCc ulturesa,n dT issue
Engineering 468 62 Cel-l The BasicU nito f Life 749
4l TransgenAicn imals 480 63 Microorganisms 754
64 Bioorganaicn d BiophysicCalh emistrayn, d
BiochemistTrvo ols 758
65 Biomolecules 771
Plant/furicultural Biotechnologg'
66 Enzymology 786
42 PlantT issueC ultur-e General 497 67 Metabolisms 796
68 lmmunology 815
43 PlanTt issuCe ultureM edia 517
69 Cenetics 822
44 ProtoolaCstu lturea ndS omatic
70 Bioinformatics 827
Hybridization 523
15 Productioonf HaoloidP lants 538
i\ppendices
16 SomaclonVala riations 546
Clossary 833
17 ClonalP ropagatio(Mn icropropagation5)5 2
48 CermolasmCo nservatioann d Abbreviations 852
Cryopreservation5 65 Index 855
(u.)
ints in Detail
Organizatioonf DNA in the cell 19
Structuroef RNA 19
Introduction to Biotcchnologv Typeso f RNA 21
CatalvtiRc NAs-ribozvmes 22
1 the Scopeo f Biotechnology 3
Old and new biotechnology 3 3 DNA-ReplicationR, ecombination
Definition(so)f biotechnology 3
and Repair 23
Historyo f biotechnology aA
Replicatioonf DNA 23
Biotechnolog- y a multidisciplinary
Replicatioinn prokaryotes 24
growingt ree A
Replicatioinn eukaryotes 27
Commerciaizl ationo f biotechnology 7
Processo f replicationi n eukaryotes )7
Publicp erceptiono f biotechnology 7
lnhibitorso f DNA replication 29
The futureo f biotechnology 7
Cellc yclea ndD NAr eplication 29
Oreanizationo f the book 7
Telomereasn dt elomerase 30
Telomerien senescencaen d cancer 31
Recombination 31
Homologouresc ombination 31
Introduction to }lolccular Iliologv
Non-homologoreucso mbination 32
2 DNA and RNA- Composition
Damagea nd repairo f DNA ??
andS tructure 11 Typeso f DNA damages 34
Nucleotides 1l Mutations 34
Structuroef nucleotides 11 Repaior f DNA 35
II
Defectisn DNA reoaira ndc ancer 37
Structuroef DNA 1A
DNAd oubleh elix 14
4 Transcriptioann d Translation 3B
Othert ypeso f DNA structure 17
Thes izeo f DNAm olecule-units Cenome 38
of length 17 Transcriotome 3B
Denaturatioonf DNA strands 1B Proteome 3B
{it
liil CONTENTS IN DETAIL
Transcription 39
-franscription
in prokaryotes 39
Transcriptioinn e ukaryotes 4) Genetic Engineering/Recombinant
Post-transcriptiomnoadl ifications +J DNA Technologv
CellulaRr NAc ontents 45
6 Introductioton G enetiEc ngineerin7g5
Reversetr anscription +o
Briehf istoroy f recombinaDnNt A
Translation 46
technology 75
Ceneticc ode 46
Moleculatro olso f genetice ngineering /o
Protein biosynthesis 48
Restrictioenn donucleases-DcNutAti nB
Requiremeonft t he components 49
enzymes
Activatioonf aminoa cids 50
DNAl igases-DNjoAin inge nzymes
Proteins ynthespisr oper 50
Alkalinep hosphatase
lnitiationo f translation 51
DNAm odifyinegn zymes
Elongationo f translation 53
Hostc ells- the factorieso f cloning
Terminatioonf translation 53
Prokaryotihco sts
lnhibitorso f proteins ynthesis
Eukaryothico sts
Chaperoneasn d proteinf olding 55
Vectors- the cloningv ehicles
Post-translatiomnoadl ificationosf oroteins 56
Plasmids
Proteint argeting )/
Bacteriophages
MitochondriaDlN A,t ranscriptioann d
Cosmids
translation 58
Artificiacl hromosomvee ctors
Shuttlev ectors
5 Regulationo f Gene Expression 59
Choiceo f a vector
Cener egulatio- ng eneral 59
Methodso f genet ransfer
Theo peronc oncept 60
Transformation
Lactos(ela c)o peron 60
Conjugation
Tryptophaonp eron 62
Electroporation
Genee xpressioinn eukaryotes oz
Liposome-mediagteende t ransfer
Chromatisnt ructuraen dg ene
Transduction
expression 63
Directt ransfeorf DNA
Enhancearsn dt issue-specigfeicn e
expresston 65 Genec lonings trategies
Combinatioonf DNA elementasn dp roteins Cloningfr omg enomiDc NAo r mRNA?
in genee xpression 65 Genetice ngineerinogf plants
Motifsi n proteinas ndg enee xpression 65 Genetice ngineeringgu idelines
Gener egulationin eukaryotes 67 Aslio marr ecommendations
Methodsto studyg enee xpression/regulatio6n8 NIHg uidelines
Cenea nalysisb y T-DNAa nd transposon Thef utureo f genetice ngineering
tagging 70
Methodsto studyp rotein-protein 7 BasicT echniqueisn
interactions 70 CeneticE ngineering tE
Phagdei splay 70 Agaroseg el electrophoresis &:
Yeasttw o-hybridsy stem 72 PulsedJieglde le lectrophoresPisF Ci