Biotechnological applications of proteins and enzymes: papers presented at a conference honoring the sixtieth birthday of Professor Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir, held at Kiryat Anavim, Israel, May 23-27, 1976

416 Pages·1977·8.493 MB·English

by  Ephraim Katzir, Zvi Bohak, Nathan Sharon, Moʻatsah ha-leʼumit le-meḥḳar ule-fituaḥ (Israel)

Biotechnological Applications
of Proteins and Enzymes
Ephraim Katchalski-Katzi r (phot o b y Ber n Schwartz )
Biotechnological Applications
of Proteins and Enzymes
Papers Presented at a Conference Honoring the Sixtieth Birthday of
Professor Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir, Held at Kiryat Anavim, Israel, May 23-27, 1976
Edited by
Z VI B O H AK
N A T H AN S H A R ON
Department of Biophysics
The Weizmann Institute of Science
Rehovot, Israel
®
Academic Press NEW YORK SAN FRANCISCO LONDON 1977
A Subsidiary of Η arc our t Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
This Conference was sponsored by the National Council for Research and Development,
Prime Minister's Office of the Government of Israel, within the framework of Israel Scientific
Research Conferences. Organizing committee: Michael Sela (Chairman), Zvi Bohak, Schabtai
Gairon, Leon Goldstein, Nathan Sharon, and Mordechai Sokolovsky.
COPYRIGHT © 1977, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Biotechnological applications of proteins and enzymes.
"Sponsored by the National Council for Research and
Development, Prime Minister's Office of the Government of
Israel."
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Enzymes-Congresses. 2. Proteins—Congresses.
3. Biochemical engineering-Congresses. 4. Katchalski-
Katzir, Ephraim, Date I. Katchalski-Katzir,
Ephraim, Date II. Bohak, Zvi. III. Sharon,
c
Nathan. IV. Israel. ha-Moatsah ha-le'umit le-mehkar
ule-fituah. [DNLM: 1. Biochemistry-Congresses.
2. Enzymes-Congresses. 3. Proteins-Congresses.
QU55 B619 1976]
QP601.B486 66θ'.63 77-2776
ISBN 0-12-110950-X
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Contents
List of Participants xi
Preface xix
Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir: Portrait of an Israeli Scientist by Nathan Sharon
and Israel Silman xxi
Greetings by Eliezer Tal xlv
Chapter I
The Position of Applied Research in Nonindustrial Laboratories
Sir Ernst Chain
I. Introduction 1
II. The Two Facets of Research: Applied and Basic 2
III. Lessons from the Past 5
IV. Science and Social Needs 9
V. Determining Goals and Priorities 12
VI. Concluding Remarks 17
Part I PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES
Chapter 2
Selection of Bacteria as Sources of Enzymes
Carl-Goran Heden
I. Introduction 21
II. A Strategy for the Selection of Enzyme Sources 26
III. Steps toward International Cooperation in the Selection of Biocatalysts 35
References 35
Chapter 3
Industrial Approach to Enzyme Production
K. Aunstrup
I. Introduction 39
II. Development of New Enzyme Preparations 40
vi Content s
III. Purification 44
IV. Immobilization 46
V. Control Methods and Safety Measures 48
VI. Conclusions 49
References 49
Chapter 4
The Microbial Production of Enzymes
G. L. Solomons
I. Introduction 51
II. Utilization of Industrial Enzymes 52
III. Methodology of Enzyme Production 53
IV. The Complex Nature and Function of Some Enzyme Systems 56
V. Problems Related to Enzyme Production 57
References 61
Chapter 5
Production of Enzymes and Proteins in Tissue Culture
Ε. K. Pye, T. Maciag, and R. Iyengar
I. Introduction 63
II. The Need for Large-Scale Tissue Culture 64
III. Valuable Products from Tissue Culture 65
IV. Difficulties of Large-Scale Production 69
V. Apparatus for Large-Scale Production of Cells in Culture 72
VI. Cell Line Development 73
VII. Manipulation of the Growth Medium Composition 75
VIII. Plasminogen Activator Production from Tissue Culture:
An Example of the Technology 76
IX. Conclusions 77
References 78
Part II. EXPLOITATION OF SOLUBLE AND INSOLUBILIZED
ENZYMES
Chapter 6
Protein Immobilization and Affinity Chromatography
Jerker Porath and Karin Dahlgren Caldwell
I. Introduction 83
II. Hydrophobic Affinity Adsorption 85
III. Charge-Transfer Adsorption 89
IV. Metal Chelate Affinity Chromatography 91
V. Chemisorption or Covalent Chromatography 93
VI. Bioaffinity Chromatography 95
VII. Appendix: Nomenclature 99
References 100
Contents vii
Chapter 7
Industrial Application of Immobilized Enzymes: Present State of the Art
Howard Η. Weetall
I. Introduction 104
II. Large-Scale Applications 104
III. Small-Scale Applications 110
IV. Potential Large-Scale Applications of the Future 114
V. General Discussion of Design Parameters 115
VI. Functional Characteristics of Enzymes for Reactors 119
VII. Concluding Remarks 124
References 124
Chapter 8
A Comparison of Cells and Enzymes as Industrial Catalysts
M. D. Lilly
I. Introduction 127
II. Selection of Catalyst Form 128
III. Discussion 135
References 138
Chapter 9
"Togetherness" through Immobilization
Klaus Mosbach
I. Introduction 141
II. Multistep Enzyme Systems 142
III. Enzyme-Cofactor Systems 146
IV. Enzyme Electrodes and Thermistors 148
References 151
Chapter 10
Chemically Modified Polymers Containing Isocyanide Functional Groups as
Supports for Enzyme Immobilization
L. Goldstein, A. Freeman, D. Blassberger, R. Granot, and M. Sokolovsky
I. Introduction 153
II. Attachment of Isocyanide Groups to Common Polymers 154
III. Coupling of Proteins to Polymers Containing Isocyanide
Functional Groups 160
IV. Chemical Modification of Polymers Containing Isocyanide
Functional Groups 161
V. Concluding Remarks 165
References 166
viii Contents
Chapter 11
Effectiveness of Enzyme-Membrane Filtration Reactors
Shulamith Simon, Rene Bloch, and S. Roy Caplan
I. Introduction 169
II. Materials and Methods 174
III. Results and Discussion 176
References 180
Chapter 12
Exploitation of Multienzyme Systems for Synthesis
Daniel I. C. Wang, James Stramondo, and Robert Fleischaker
I. Introduction 183
II. Materials and Methods 186
III. Results and Discussion 188
IV. Economic Analysis of the Enzymatic Synthesis 198
References 201
Chapter 13
Biotransformation of Steroid Hormones and Antibiotics
Oldrich K. Sebek
I. Introduction 203
II. Steroid Hormones 205
III. Antibiotics 210
IV. Enzymes of Commercial Importance 217
References 217
Part III MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF PROTEINS AND
ENZYMES
Chapter 14
Zinc Biochemistry: A Perspective on the Role of the Metal in Normal and
Abnormal Growth Processes
Bert L. Vallee
I. Introduction 223
II. Biochemical Approaches 224
III. Chemical Features of Zinc Enzymes 228
IV. Zinc and Normal Cell Biology 228
V. DNA Metabolism in Zinc-Deficient Euglena gracilis 229
VI. DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase I and II of Euglena gracilis:
Zinc Metalloenzymes 235
VII. Zinc and Neoplastic Disease 237
VIII. Epilogue 243
References 243
Contents ix
Chapter 15
Novel Application for Antibodies
Ruth Arnon
I. Introduction 247
II. Covalent Binding of Daunomycin and Adriamycin to Antibodies 249
III. Specific Cytotoxic Effects of the Drug-Antibody Conjugates 253
IV. Fab' Dimers of Antitumor Immunoglobulins as Covalent Carriers
of Daunomycin 259
V. In Vivo Effect of Daunomycin-Antibody Conjugates 263
VI. Concluding Remarks 264
References 264
Chapter 16
Applications of Immobilized Enzymes in Analysis
With Particular Reference to the Automated Determination of Blood Glucose Using Nylon
Tube-Immobilized Glucose Dehydrogenase
William E. Hornby, George A. Noy, and Abu Bakar Bin Salleh
I. Introduction 267
II. Enzymes Immobilized in Nylon Tube 268
III. Application to the Assay of Glucose 269
IV. Concluding Remarks 277
References 277
Chapter 17
Some Economic, Enzymological, and Practical Problems in the Technological
and Analytical Application of Immobilized Enzymes
M. Nelboeck
I. Introduction 279
II. Immobilized Enzymes as Preparative Tools 283
III. Immobilized Proteins as Analytical Tools 293
IV. Concluding Remarks 300
References 300
Chapter 18
Some Medical Applications of Immobilized Proteins and Enzymes
Georges B. Broun, Marie-Franqoise Sigot-Luizard, Michel Sigot,
Dominique Domurado, and Robert Guidoin
I. Introduction 303
II. Immobilized Nonenzymatic Proteins 305
III. Immobilized Enzymes 309
IV. Concluding Remarks 312
References 313