Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Fungal Secondary Metabolites, Volume 2 PDF
Preview Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Fungal Secondary Metabolites, Volume 2
Fungal Biology Series Editors Vijai Kumar Gupta, Galway, Ireland Maria G.Tuohy, Galway, Ireland Fungal biology has an integral role to play in the development of the biotechnology and biomedical sectors. It has become a subject of increasing importance as new fungi and their associated biomolecules are identified. The interaction between fun- gi and their environment is central to many natural processes that occur in the bio- sphere. The hosts and habitats of these eukaryotic microorganisms are very diverse; fungi are present in every ecosystem on Earth. The fungal kingdom is equally di- verse consisting of seven different known phyla. Yet detailed knowledge is limited to relatively few species. The relationship between fungi and humans has been char- acterized by the juxtaposed viewpoints of fungi as infectious agents of much dread and their exploitation as highly versatile systems for a range of economically im- portant biotechnological applications. Understanding the biology of different fungi in diverse ecosystems as well as their interactions with living and nonliving is es- sential to underpin effective and innovative technological developments. This series will provide a detailed compendium of methods and information used to investigate different aspects of mycology, including fungal biology and biochemistry, genetics, phylogenetics, genomics, proteomics, molecular enzymology, and biotechnological applications in a manner that reflects the many recent developments of relevance to researchers and scientists investigating the Kingdom Fungi. Rapid screening tech- niques based on screening specific regions in the DNA of fungi have been used in species comparison and identification, and are now being extended across fungal phyla. The majorities of fungi are multicellular eukaryotic systems and, therefore, may be excellent model systems by which to answer fundamental biological ques- tions. A greater understanding of the cell biology of these versatile eukaryotes will underpin efforts to engineer certain fungal species to provide novel cell factories for production of proteins for pharmaceutical applications. Renewed interest in all aspects of the biology and biotechnology of fungi may also enable the development of “one pot” microbial cell factories to meet consumer energy needs in the 21st century. To realize this potential and to truly understand the diversity and biology of these eukaryotes, continued development of scientific tools and techniques is essential. As a professional reference, this series will be very helpful to all people who work with fungi anduseful both to academic institutions and research teams, as well as to teachers, and graduate and postgraduate students with its information on the continuous developments in fungal biology with the publication of each volume. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11224 Susanne Zeilinger • Juan-Francisco Martín Carlos García-Estrada Editors Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Fungal Secondary Metabolites, Volume 2 Editors Susanne Zeilinger Carlos García-Estrada Institute of Chemical Engineering Biomedicine and Biopharma Area Vienna University of Technology Instituto de Biotecnología de León Vienna (INBIOTEC) Austria León Spain Institute of Microbiology University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria Juan-Francisco Martín Department of Molecular Biology University of León León Spain ISSN 2198-7777 ISSN 2198-7785 (electronic) Fungal Biology ISBN 978-1-4939-2530-8 ISBN 978-1-4939-2531-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2531-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015938598 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recita- tion, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or in- formation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publica- tion does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface The introduction of penicillin in the 1940s not only revolutionized medicine but also triggered the screening of microbes for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. Since then, respective attempts led to the discovery of tens of thou- sands of substances and revealed filamentous fungi as invaluable resources that produce a large number and diversity of chemical structures. Not only Ascomycetes like the well-studied Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species but also Basid- iomycetes are among the currently known highly prolific producers of secondary metabolites. During recent years, the potential of underexplored fungi, such as the plant-inhabiting endophytes or marine fungi, as a reservoir of novel biologically active substances has been recognized and the role of secondary metabolites in the interaction of fungi with their biotic environment came into focus. The increasing availability of “omics” technologies opened up new avenues in fungal research. These approaches allow comprehensive system-level analyses and hence the identification of the complete genomic inventory of secondary metabolic gene clusters in a given fungus, the detailed study of their activation, and the global profiling of the resulting metabolites. Taking into account that fungi harbor large numbers of secondary metabolism-associated cryptic gene clusters, “omics”-guid- ed approaches together with genetic engineering allow the exploitation of fungi for novel products. Furthermore, recent developments such as metagenomics and metatranscriptomics currently have found their way into research on fungal second- ary metabolism. These techniques bear great potential by enabling to screen even unculturable fungi in their natural microbial communities and habitats for genes involved in the production of novel compounds and hence will contribute to natural product discovery from the large pool of the untapped fungal biodiversity. In appreciation of the tremendous progress in the research on fungal secondary metabolism during recent years, we are pleased to present this book, the second volume on the Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Fungal Secondary Metabo- lites within the Springer book series on Fungal Biology. This book aims to continue the compilation of the best-studied fungal secondary metabolites contained in the first volume by adding aspects on regulatory key players and epigenetic control of their biosynthesis, genomics- and metabolomics-guided approaches for a fur- ther unearthing of the potential of fungi as resources of novel biologically active v vi Preface substances, the use of secondary metabolite profiles in fungal chemotaxonomy, less-exploited substances and their producers, and the biological roles of secondary metabolites in organismic interactions. Fungal secondary metabolites significantly impact mankind as they comprise substances contributing to human well-being such as antibiotics, antivirals, immu- nosuppressives, antitumor, and anticholesterolemic agents, as well also toxins that act as virulence factors in their respective hosts and that may cause health problems by contaminating our food and indoor environment. For both, the use of beneficial substances in medicine and pharmaceutical industry and the risk reduction of fungal metabolites with adverse health effects, a detailed knowledge and understanding of fungal secondary metabolism are fundamental. The recent emergence of high- throughput “omics” techniques constitutes an important step in this regard and will further significantly contribute to the discovery of novel fungal metabolites. We are grateful to all the authors who contributed to this book and we hope that this book will help the reader to obtain novel insights into the current status and future directions of this fascinating field. Susanne Zeilinger Juan-Francisco Martín Carlos García-Estrada Contents 1 Fungal Secondary Metabolites in the “OMICS” Era .......................... 1 Susanne Zeilinger, Carlos García-Estrada and Juan-Francisco Martín 2 Key Players in the Regulation of Fungal Secondary Metabolism ...... 13 Benjamin P. Knox and Nancy P. Keller 3 Epigenetics of Fungal Secondary Metabolism Related Genes ............ 29 Ming-Yueh Wu and Jae-Hyuk Yu 4 Genome Mining for Fungal Secondary Metabolic Gene Clusters ...... 43 Grayson T. Wawrzyn, Mark A. Held, Sarah E. Bloch and Claudia Schmidt-Dannert 5 M etagenomics and Metatranscriptomics for the Exploration of Natural Products from Soil Fungi ..................................................... 67 Irshad Ul Haq and Jan Dirk van Elsas 6 M etabolomics and Secondary Metabolite Profiling of Filamentous Fungi .............................................................................. 81 Bernhard Kluger, Sylvia Lehner and Rainer Schuhmacher 7 Fungal Chemotaxonomy ........................................................................ 103 Jens C. Frisvad 8 Endophytic Fungi as a Source of Novel Metabolites ........................... 123 Fernanda O. Chagas, Andrés Mauricio Caraballo-Rodriguez and Mônica T. Pupo vii viii Contents 9 Fungal Secondary Metabolism in the Light of Animal– Fungus Interactions: From Mechanism to Ecological Function ........ 177 Marko Rohlfs 10 Fusarium Mycotoxins and Their Role in Plant–Pathogen Interactions .............................................................................................. 199 Gerhard Adam, Gerlinde Wiesenberger and Ulrich Güldener 11 B iosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Peptaibiotics— Fungal Peptides Containing Alpha, Alpha-Dialkyl Amino Acids ....... 235 Xiao-Yan Song, Bin-Bin Xie, Xiu-Lan Chen and Yu-Zhong Zhang Index ............................................................................................................... 253 Contributors Gerhard Adam Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria Sarah E. Bloch Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA Andrés Mauricio Caraballo-Rodriguez School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil Fernanda O. Chagas School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharma- ceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil Xiu-Lan Chen State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong Univer- sity, Jinan, Republic of China Jan Dirk van Elsas Microbial Ecology Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies (CEES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Jens C. Frisvad Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Den- mark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark Carlos García-Estrada INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), León, Spain Ulrich Güldener Lehrstuhl für Genomorientierte Bioinformatik, Technische Uni- versität München, Freising, Bavaria, Germany Mark A. Held Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA Nancy P. Keller Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Depart- ment of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA ix
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