Biosensors for Sustainable Food - New Opportunities and Technical Challenges

424 Pages·2016·20.89 MB·English

by  Viviana Scognamiglio

Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry
Volume 74
Biosensors for Sustainable Food - New
Opportunities and Technical Challenges
Advisory Board
JosephA.Caruso
UniversityofCincinnati,Cincinnati,OH,USA
HendrikEmons
JointResearch Centre,Geel,Belgium
GaryHieftje
IndianaUniversity,Bloomington,IN, USA
KiyokatsuJinno
ToyohashiUniversityofTechnology,Toyohashi,Japan
UweKarst
UniversityofMu¨nster,Mu¨nster,Germany
Gyro¨gyMarko-Varga
AstraZeneca, Lund,Sweden
JanuszPawliszyn
UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,Ont.,Canada
SusanRichardson
USEnvironmentalProtection Agency,Athens,GA,USA
Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry
Volume 74
Biosensors for
Sustainable Food - New
Opportunities and
Technical Challenges
Edited by
Viviana Scognamiglio
National Research Council (CNR) Rome, Italy
Giuseppina Rea
National Research Council (CNR) Rome, Italy
Fabiana Arduini
University Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
Giuseppe Palleschi
University Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
AMSTERDAMl BOSTONlHEIDELBERGl LONDON
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Contributors to Volume 74
G.Alarcon-Angeles,UniversidadAuto´nomaMetropolitana-Xochimilco,MexicoCity,
Me´xico
G.A. A´lvarez-Romero, Universidad Auto´noma del Estado de Hidalgo, Hidalgo,
Me´xico
A.Antonacci,IC-CNRIstitutodiCristallografia,Rome,Italy
F.Arduini,Universita` diRomaTorVergata,Rome,Italy
N.de-los-Santos-A´lvarez,UniversidaddeOviedo,Oviedo,Spain
L.M.Dumitru,JohannesKeplerUniversity,Linz,Austria
M.Durresi,EuropeanUniversityofTirana,Tirana,Albania
A.Escarpa,UniversidaddeAlcala´,Alcala´ de Henares,Madrid,Spain
G.A. Evtugyn, Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian
Federation
J.Fitzgerald,DublinCityUniversity,Dublin,Ireland
D.Hoffmeister,UniversityofCologne,Cologne,Germany
M.Irimia-Vladu,InstituteforSurface TechnologiesandPhotonics,Weiz,Austria
B. Jurado,Universidad deAlcala´,Alcala´ deHenares,Madrid,Spain
G. Kaur,PunjabiUniversity,Patiala,Punjab,India
M.J.Lobo-Castan˜o´n,UniversidaddeOviedo,Oviedo,Spain
J.H.Loftus,DublinCityUniversity,Dublin,Ireland
M.A.Lo´pez,UniversidaddeAlcala´,Alcala´ deHenares, Madrid,Spain
G. Marrazza,UniversityofFlorence,SestoFiorentino(FI),Italy
D.A.McPartlin,DublinCityUniversity,Dublin,Ireland
A.Merkoc¸i,CatalanInstituteofNanoscienceandNanotechnology(ICN2),CSICand
The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA e
CatalanInstitutionforResearchandAdvancedStudies,Barcelona,Spain
R.Miranda-Castro,UniversidaddeOviedo,Oviedo,Spain
K.L.M.Moran,DublinCityUniversity,Dublin,Ireland
M.Moreno-Guzman,UniversidaddeAlcala´,Alcala´ deHenares, Madrid,Spain
xiii
xiv ContributorstoVolume74
D.Moscone,Universita` diRomaTorVergata,Rome,Italy
A.Mulchandani,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA,UnitedStates
R.O’Kennedy,DublinCityUniversity,Dublin,Ireland
S.Otles,EgeUniversity,Izmir,Turkey
G.Palleschi,Universita` diRomaTorVergata,Rome,Italy
R.Rapini,UniversityofFlorence,SestoFiorentino(FI),Italy
B.Y.Sahyar,Ege University,Izmir,Turkey;IndesitCompany,Manisa,Turkey
N.S.Sariciftci,JohannesKeplerUniversity,Linz, Austria
N.M.Saucedo,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside, CA,UnitedStates
V.Scognamiglio,IC-CNR IstitutodiCristallografia, Rome,Italy
K.C.Sivabalan,IIAT,Trichy,TamilNadu, India
N.Verma,PunjabiUniversity,Patiala,Punjab,India
Series Editor’s Preface
I am delighted to introduce volume 74 in the CAC series edited by Viviana
Scognamiglio, Giuseppina Rea, Fabiana Arduini, and Giuseppe Palleschi on
Biosensors for Sustainable Food: New Opportunities and Technical Chal-
lenges. This book is an excellent addition to the CAC series and it reinforces
our interest in the field of biosensors for trace analysis. We had already three
CACbooksonbiosensors:volume39onIntegratedAnalyticalSystemsedited
by Salvador Alegret in 2003, volume 44 entitled Biosensors and Modern
BiospecificAnalyticalTechniqueseditedbyLoGortonin2005,andathirdone
on ElectrochemicalBiosensor Analysisedited bySalvador AlegretandArben
Mercoc¸i in 2007. Almost after 10years, volume 74 will be an excellent
addition to the series, and our readers will be able to judge the extraordinary
progress achieved in this field since the release of our first titles.
The volume that you have now in your hands covers the main pillars of
food safety in 14 chapters. Five chapters address trends on biosensing-based
technologies for the detection of a variety of food contaminants, such as
pesticides, pathogens, and toxins. The second part of the book contains four
chapters on new generation of synthetic receptors as well as on new tech-
nologies for improving biosensor efficiency, such as the use of emerging
nanomaterials or biocompatible integration of electronics into food sensors.
Thelast partofthe book covers already commercially availablebiosensorsin
the agrifood sector and the new revolutionary achievements in biosensor
technology. Robotic-based agriculture using drones and sensors, intelligent
food packaging, and biosensor integration with ICT tools for an improved
management andtraceabilityinagricultureareexcellentexamplesofthe new
trends in this field.
Indeed, this book offers a comprehensive and state-of-the-art view on the
developmentanduseofbiosensorsinfoodandagriculturesectors.Biosensors
can offer today an extraordinary potential of use since they are becoming
cheap,fast,andeasy-to-usetechnologicaldevicesascomparedtoconventional
analytical methods. The book is certainly timely. It is well-known the enor-
mous demand on food products at global scale, especially from China with a
highgrowthrateofpercapitalivestockconsumption.Fastcontroldevicessuch
asbiosensorscanassureahighdegreeofqualitycontrolaswellasaguarantee
for food supply.
xv
xvi SeriesEditor’sPreface
Finally I would like to thank specially Viviana, Giuseppina, Fabiana, and
Giuseppefortheamountofwork,time,andexpertisedevotedaseditorsofthe
book. I would like to acknowledge as well to thevarious well-known authors
fortheircontributionsincompilingsuchaworld-classandtimelybookforthe
CAC series.
D. Barcelo´,
IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona and ICRA, Girona, August 22, 2016,
Editor in Chief of the Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry Series.
Preface
New Frontiers in the Agrifood Field: Sustainability and Precision Farming
Nowadays it is a common knowledge that to sustain the global increasing
demand forecast for the next centuries in the food production system,
sustainablepracticesshouldbeadoptedtoprotecttheenvironmentandhuman
health. Food production and consumption have a strong impact on the
environment in terms of greenhouse gas emission, water and soil contamina-
tion, reductionofarable lands,water consumptionand manyothers, whichin
turn negatively affect also human health. Also these issues produce heavy
consequences on the economic development. To address these challenges, it
became mandatory for a close cooperation among scientists with different
expertise, policymakers and economists to develop new smart technologies,
introduce them on the market and formulate adequate regulations.
In this regard, a sustainable food production system could be thought as a
chainofprocedureswithlowimpactontheenvironmentandabletoguarantee
a secured supply of healthier and fortified food, supporting at the same time
the economic growth. The development and exploitation of biosensors as
supporting tools along the entire food production chain meet these criteria
allowing the detection offood quality and safety with a reduced levelof CO
2
emissions,andorganicsolventreleasedintheenvironmentcomparedwiththe
conventional analytical tools. Indeed biosensor technology has the high
potential to guarantee a comprehensive control among all the single steps of
the food supply chain, from the crop cultivation and harvesting, to food
process, transportation, packaging and distribution.
Sensor technology is at the leading edge of the development in almost
every sector. The market for sensors grew from EUR 81.6 billion in 2006 to
EUR119.4billionin2011andcanbeexpectedtogrowtoEUR184.1billion
until2016,accordingtothenewWorldReportentitled‘SensorsMarkets2016’
publishedbyIntechnoConsulting,Basel(Switzerland).Ahugeamountofthis
marketisrepresentedbythebiosensorrevolutionpromotingsustainablefoods
in the near future.
In this context, this book will discuss about the last trends on biosensor
technologies,including (1) advanced technologiesfor fast, sensitiveandcost-
effective determination of different targets to ensure food quality, safety,
authenticity and traceability as well as (2) emerging technologies for crop
xvii
xviii Preface
monitoring, accurate analysis of soil nutrients and pesticides or for maxi-
mizing the efficiency of water use for a smart agriculture. Thus the emerging
innovationsinbiosensortechnologydevotedtofoodqualityandsafetycontrol
will be discussed in the first section ‘Biosensors for food safety, quality and
security’. The concepts of food quality and safety are crucial issues to get a
sustainable and healthy food. Appearance, taste, smell, nutritional value
content, functional ingredients, freshness, flavour and texture are all crucial
parameters to be considered to this regards, together with its comprehensive
estimation of freshness and the evaluation of the correct composition of the
natural components (eg, sugars, amino acids and alcohols) and additives (eg,
vitaminsandminerals).Ontheotherhand,safefoodsshouldrespectthelegal
limits regarding pesticides, heavy metals, pathogens and toxins, to avoid
serious damages of human health and well-being, and consequent burdens on
health-caresystemandeconomicproductivity.Inthisoverallscenario,thelast
trends on biosensors will be described considering the main advantages and
limitations of this technology, to minimize threats that cause unsafe or off-
quality food.
With the aim to optimize biosensing performances for a smart food chain
monitoring,thelasttrendsonsyntheticbiologyandbiomimeticchemistrywill
beaddressedinthesecondsection‘Newgenerationsofsyntheticreceptorsand
functional materials for food biosensors’, to foster the development of tailor-
made bioreceptors with desired features in terms of stability and sensitivity.
Theseextraordinarydisciplineshavebeenlargelyexploitedinthelastyearsto
obtainad-hocbioreceptorswithdesired features ofrobustness,sensitivityand
useful detection range. For this reason, the last tendencies on artificial
molecules (ie, aptamers) and functional materials (ie, biomimetic surfaces)
will be discussed to redesign the configuration of the sensing elements or by
producing novel synthetic entities mimicking key properties of natural
molecules.
The third section ‘New technologies improving biosensor efficacy’ deals
with the nanotechnology approach, the biocompatible integration of elec-
tronics and the (bio)microfluidics to design ad-hoc sensing systems, meeting
therequirementsforeffectivemonitoringofthefoodsupplychain.Theuseof
emergingnanomaterialwillbedebatedtoeitherdevelopnovelsmartanalytical
methods or improve the existing ones. In addition, the recent progresses in
microelectronics and microfluidics will be highlighted to foster the develop-
ment of accurate, low-cost and ready-to-use biosensors.
Thefourthsection‘Biosensortradeinagrifoodsector’providessignificant
andup-to-dateinformationaboutthecommerciallyavailablebiosensorsinthe
agrifood sector. Considering the international concern with food quality and
safety,biosensordevelopmentoccupiesanenormousspaceinthemarket,also
due to the growing interest of companies in realizing analytical systems with
an effective commercial success. However, despite the huge literature on