BIOS Instant Notes - Neuroscience 2nd ed. - A. Longstaff (Taylor and Francis, 2005) WW PDF
Preview BIOS Instant Notes - Neuroscience 2nd ed. - A. Longstaff (Taylor and Francis, 2005) WW
Neuroscience Second Edition ii Section K – Lipid metabolism BIOS INSTANT NOTES Series Editor: B.D. Hames, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Biology Animal Biology, Second Edition Biochemistry, Third Edition Bioinformatics Chemistry for Biologists, Second Edition Developmental Biology Ecology, Second Edition Genetics, Second Edition Immunology, Second Edition Mathematics & Statistics for Life Scientists Medical Microbiology Microbiology, Second Edition Molecular Biology, Third Edition Neuroscience, Second Edition Plant Biology, Second Edition Sport & Exercise Biomechanics Sport & Exercise Physiology Chemistry Consulting Editor: Howard Stanbury Analytical Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry, Second Edition Medicinal Chemistry Organic Chemistry, Second Edition Physical Chemistry Psychology Sub-series Editor: Hugh Wagner, Dept of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK Cognitive Psychology Physiological Psychology Psychology Sport & Exercise Psychology Neuroscience Second Edition Alan Longstaff Science writer and neuroscience lecturer Published by: Taylor & Francis Group In US: 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016 In UK: 4 Park Square, Milton Park Abingdon, OX14 4RN © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group First published 2000; Second edition published 2005 ISBN: 0-4153-5188-X (Print Edition) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Longstaff, Alan. Neuroscience / A. Longstaff. –– 2nd ed. p. cm. – – (Instant notes) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Neurosciences – – Outlines, syllabi, etc. I. Title. II. Series: Instant notes series RC343.6.L66 2005 616. 8 – – dc22 2005005818 Editor: Elizabeth Owen Editorial Assistant: Chris Dixon Production Editor: Karin Henderson Taylor & Francis Group is the Academic Division of T&F Informa plc. Visit our web site at http://www.garlandscience.com This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” ISBN 0-203-96985-5�Master e-book ISBN Abbreviations viii Preface xi Section A – Organization of the nervous system 1 A1 Neuron structure 1 A2 Neuron diversity 3 A3 Glial cells and myelination 6 A4 Organization of the peripheral nervous system 9 A5 Organization of the central nervous system 15 A6 Brain imaging 22 A7 Meninges and cerebrospinal fluid 26 A8 Blood–brain barrier 30 Section B – Neuron excitation 33 B1 Resting potentials 33 B2 Action potentials 37 B3 Voltage-dependent ion channels 40 B4 Channel molecular biology 44 B5 Action potential conduction 48 Section C – Synapses 51 C1 Morphology of chemical synapses 51 C2 Overview of synaptic function 54 C3 Postsynaptic events 57 C4 Neural integration 62 C5 Neurotransmitter release 64 C6 Calcium channels 70 C7 Neurotransmitter inactivation 72 Section D – Neurotransmitters 75 D1 Ionotropic receptors 75 D2 Metabotropic receptors 79 D3 Amino acid transmitters 85 D4 Dopamine 88 D5 Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) 92 D6 Serotonin 96 D7 Acetylcholine 99 D8 Purines and peptides 102 Section E – Neural coding 105 E1 Information representation by neurons 105 E2 Frequency coding 107 E3 Location coding 109 E4 Modality 112 E5 Elementary neural circuits 115 CONTENTS Section F – Somatosensory systems 119 F1 Sensory receptors 119 F2 Touch 125 F3 Pain 129 F4 Pain modulation 136 F5 Balance 142 Section G – Vision 149 G1 Attributes of vision 149 G2 Eye and visual pathways 153 G3 Retina 159 G4 Phototransduction 164 G5 Retinal processing 168 G6 Early visual processing 174 G7 Parallel processing in the visual system 179 G8 Oculomotor control 184 Section H – Hearing 191 H1 Acoustics and audition 191 H2 Anatomy and physiology of the ear 193 H3 Peripheral auditory processing 198 H4 Central auditory processing 200 Section I – Smell and taste 207 I1 Olfactory receptor neurons 207 I2 Olfactory pathways 209 I3 Taste 212 I4 Taste pathways 215 Section J – Motor function: spinal cord and brainstem 217 J1 Nerve–muscle synapse 217 J2 Motor units and motor pools 220 J3 Elementary motor reflexes 225 J4 Spinal motor function 232 J5 Brainstem postural reflexes 238 Section K – Movement: cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia 243 K1 Cortical control of voluntary movement 243 K2 Motor lesions 250 K3 Anatomy of the cerebellum 254 K4 Subdivisions of the cerebellum 259 K5 Cerebellar cortical circuitry 264 K6 Cerebellar function 268 K7 Anatomy of the basal ganglia 272 K8 Basal ganglia function 277 Section L – Neuroendocrinology and autonomic functions 281 L1 Anatomy and connections of the hypothalamus 281 L2 Posterior pituitary function 286 L3 Neuroendocrine control of metabolism and growth 291 L4 Neuroendocrine control of reproduction 299 vi Contents L5 Autonomic nervous system function 305 L6 Control of autonomic function 311 Section M – Brain and behavior 317 M1 Emotion 317 M2 Motivation and addiction 323 M3 Control of feeding 328 M4 Brain biological clocks 334 M5 Sleep 338 Section N – Developmental neurobiology 347 N1 Early patterning of the nervous system 347 N2 Cell determination 354 N3 Cortical development 361 N4 Axon pathfinding 365 N5 Synaptogenesis and developmental plasticity 371 N6 Neurotrophic factors 376 N7 Brain sexual differentiation 382 Section O – Memory and cognition 387 O1 Types of learning 387 O2 Physiological psychology of memory 392 O3 Cell physiology of learning 402 O4 Arousal and attention 411 O5 Language 415 Section P – Brain disorders 421 P1 Schizophrenia 421 P2 Depression 428 P3 Strokes and excitotoxicity 432 P4 Epilepsy 436 P5 Parkinson’s disease 441 P6 Alzheimer’s disease 446 Further reading 453 Index 459 Contents vii ACh acetylcholine AChE acetylcholinesterase ACTH adrenocorticotrophic hormone AD Alzheimer’s disease AII angiotensin II AGRP agouti-related peptide AMPA α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazole proprionic acid ANS autonomic nervous system AP action potential apoE apolipoprotein E APP amyloid precursor protein APV D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate ATN anterior thalamic nuclei ATP adenosine 5’-triphosphate AVP arginine vasopressin βA β-amyloid βAR β adrenoceptors BAT brown adipose tissue BDNF brain derived neurotrophic factor bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor bl basal lamina BMP bone morphogenetic protein BOLD blood oxygen level detection α-BTX α-bungarotoxin CA cornu ammonis CaM calmodulin CAM cell adhesion molecule CaMKII calcium–calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate CART cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript CAT computer assisted tomography cbf cerebral blood flow CC cingulate cortex CCK cholecystokinin CF characteristic frequency cGMP 3’,5’-cyclic guanosine monophosphate ChAT choline acetylesterase CL central laminar nucleus (of thalamus) CNG cyclic-nucleotide-gated channel CNS central nervous system CNTF ciliary neurotrophic factor CoA coenzyme A CP cortical plate CPG central pattern generators CR conditioned response CRE cAMP response element CREB cAMP response element binding protein CREM cAMP response element modulator CRH corticotrophin releasing hormone CRO cathode ray oscilloscope CS conditioned stimulus CSF cerebrospinal fluid CVA cerebrovascular accident CVLM caudal ventrolateral medulla CVO circumventricular organ DAG diacylglycerol DAT dopamine transporter DB diagonal band (of Broca) DβH dopamine-β-hydroxylase DBL dorsal blastopore lip DCML dorsal column–medial lemniscal system DCN dorsal column nuclei 2-DG 2-deoxyglucose DHC dorsal horn cell DI diabetes insipidus DLPN dorsolateral pontine nucleus DOPAC dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid DOPEG 3,4-dihydroxy phenylglycol DRG dorsal root ganglion DYN dynorphin ECT electroconvulsive therapy EEG electroencephalography EGF epidermal growth factor EGL external granular layer EMG electromyography ENK enkephalin ENS enteric nervous system epp endplate potential epsp excitatory postsynaptic potential ER endoplasmic reticulum ERP event-related potential F-actin filamentous actin FEF frontal eye field FF fast fatiguing FGF-8 fibroblast growth factor-8 FM frequency modulation ABBREVIATIONS fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging FR fatigue resistant FRA flexor reflex afferents FSH follicle stimulating hormone Gi inhibitory G protein Gq G protein coupled to phospholipase Gs stimulatory G protein GABA γ-aminobutyrate GAD glutamic acid decarboxylase GAT GABA transporter GC guanylyl cyclase GDNF glial-derived neurotrophic factor GDP guanosine 5’-diphosphate GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein GH growth hormone GHRH growth hormone releasing hormone GnRH gonadotrophin releasing hormone GPe globus pallidus pars externa GPi globus pallidus pars interna GR glucocorticoid receptor GTO Golgi tendon organs GTP guanosine 5’-triphosphate 5-HIAA 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid HPA hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (axis) HPG hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (axis) HPT hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (axis) HRP horseradish peroxidase 5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 5-HTP 5-hydroxytryptophan HVA high voltage activated IaIN Ia inhibitory interneurons IbIN Ib inhibitory neurons IC inferior colliculus ICSS intracranial self-stimulation Ig immunoglobulin IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor 1 IGL internal granular layer iGluR ionotropic glutamate receptor ILD interaural level differences IP3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate ipsp inhibitory postsynaptic potential IT inferotemporal cortex JGA juxtoglomerular apparatus L-DOPA L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine LC locus ceruleus LCN lateral cervical nucleus LDCV large dense-core vesicle LGN lateral geniculate nucleus LH luteinizing hormone LSO lateral superior olivary nucleus LTD long-term depression LTM long-term memory LTN lateral tegmental nucleus LTP long-term potentiation LVA low voltage activated M magnocellular pathway M/T mitral/tufted cells mAChR muscarinic cholinergic receptor MAO monoamine oxidase MAP mean arterial (blood) pressure MB mammillary bodies mepp miniature endplate potential MFB medial forebrain bundle MFS mossy fiber sprouting mGluR1 type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor MGN medial geniculate nucleus MI primary motor cortex MII secondary motor cortex MLCK myosin light chain kinase MLR mesencephalic locomotor region MOPEG 3-methoxy,4-hydroxy phenylglycol MPOA medial preoptic area MPP+ 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium mpsp miniature postsynaptic potential MPTP 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridin MR mineralocorticoid receptor MRI magnetic resonance imaging MSO medial superior olivary complex MST medial superior temporal cortex NA noradrenaline nAc nucleus accumbens nAChR nicotinic cholinergic receptor NBM nucleus basalis of Meynert NGF nerve growth factor NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate NMDAR N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor nmj neuromuscular junction NMR nuclear magnetic resonance NPY neuropeptide Y NREM nonrapid eye movement sleep NRM nucleus raphe magnus NST nucleus of the solitary tract NT3-6 neurotrophins 3-6 Abbreviations ix
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