Bioremediation Technology for Plastic Waste PDF
Preview Bioremediation Technology for Plastic Waste
Mohd. Shahnawaz Manisha K. Sangale · Avinash B. Ade Bioremediation Technology for Plastic Waste Bioremediation Technology for Plastic Waste (cid:129) Mohd. Shahnawaz Manisha K. Sangale Avinash B. Ade Bioremediation Technology for Plastic Waste Mohd.Shahnawaz ManishaK.Sangale DepartmentofBotany DepartmentofBotany SavitribaiPhulePuneUniversity SavitribaiPhulePuneUniversity Pune,Maharashtra,India Pune,Maharashtra,India PlantBiotechnologyDivision CSIR-IndianInstituteofIntegrativeMedicine Jammu,JammuandKashmir,India AvinashB.Ade DepartmentofBotany SavitribaiPhulePuneUniversity Pune,Maharashtra,India ISBN978-981-13-7491-3 ISBN978-981-13-7492-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7492-0 #SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore All the authors dedicate this book to their respective parents Preface Plasticisoneofthemostfamousandhighlyusedpolymersthroughouttheworld.It isusedinourday-to-daylifeforseveralactivities.Itservesasabetterreplacementof other materials on this Earth like metals. In the past, before the discovery of plasticsynthesis,humanswereusingstones,woods,glasses,andmetalstoproduce goodsandutensils.However,therewerevariousproblemsinusingthosetraditional materials:forexample,stonescanbebrokenduetostroke,woodenmaterialsarealso breakable,glassesareauniqueexampleofabrittlematerial,andmetalsarealteredin theirshapesandsizesduetostrokes.Theweight ofthosetraditionalmaterials was also one of the important factors which made the handling difficult, leading to maximumbreakage.Inviewofthis,plastic,whichwasproducedaccidentally,was superiorover these materials. Plasticcan be retained for a longer time without any damage. Furthermore, it is comparatively lightweight, making it easier to handle. Plastic is also hydrophobic in nature; therefore, it is routinely used in situations where water contact needs to be avoided, e.g., lamination of documents, etc. Moreover, even the food materials packed in plastics (waterproof) remain free from any microbial attacks, increasing the stability of food against degradation. Forfurnitureorevenvehicles,Tefloncoatingcansolvetheproblemofdamagingthe paints over it. The damage is otherwise caused by sunlight, rainwater, moisture, harmful radiations, pollution, etc. Plastic material is the ultimate solution. Depending on the requirement, plastic can be molded and converted into stronger and durable substances by adding a certain material in it e.g. plasticisers. Due to thesefinequalities,theuseofplastichasreachedanalarminglevelworldwide.Asit is not breakable and more durable, there is a problem regarding its disposal and decomposition.Iftheproductionrateofplasticisnotbalancedwiththedecomposi- tionrate,thennaturallythereisagreataccumulationofplasticthroughouttheworld. Afterusingvariouskindsofplastic,itgoestothegarbagewhichfurtherfindsitsway tomixwiththewater,andthroughthewaterstreamsandrivers,itultimatelyreaches theoceans.Itisdepositedatthebottomoftheseaandformsahugelayerlikethatof thematerialoftheEarth’scrust.Ifitisdone,thereleaseofthetoxicsubstanceswill gradually occur, which then contaminates the living organisms (both aquatic and terrestrial)onthisEarth.Inviewofthis,thereisaneedfornovelideasandconcepts for the proper handling of plastic waste. We have started the research work on the bioremediation of plastic with the polymer polythene, in which we found the vii viii Preface considerable contribution of the microbes for the polythene degradation. In this book, we tried to incorporate our results. There are other books also in the market thatdiscussplasticwastemanagement,butthesearethesuperficialandintroductory typewhichonlyhighlightstheconcept.Weintendedtowriteabookthatshowsthe realityinthemanagementofplasticwastewithrespecttothecomparisonofdifferent strategies for handling and selection of bioremediation as a sustainable strategy basedonourownexperienceswithplastic. Thisbookisanattempttodiscusstheimpact ofplastic onourlivesindifferent aspects.Italsosuggestscertainstrategiestomanageplasticwaste.Thepresentbook is comprised of 12 chapters that discuss the different angles of plastic. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction related to the synthesis, uses, and properties of plastics.Chapter2overviewedtheresearchupdatesaboutmicroplasticcomposition, differenttypesofplastics,andtheirimpactontheenvironment.Chapter3discusses the different possible methods to handle plastic pollution. Chapter 4 is concerned withplasticdisposalbymicrobialdegradation.Chapter5highlightsourexperiences of measuring the potential of bacteria for plastic bioremediation. Chapter 6 is concerned with the role of fungi in plastic degradation. Chapter 7 emphasizes the methods that are possibly useful, i.e., on-site and off-site methods in remediation technologyfor plastic degradation.Chapter8discusses thesocialawareness ofthe threatscausedbyplasticwastetohumanbeingandtherestofthebiota.Chapters9 and 10 are concerned with the fate of polythene after degradation that can be analyzed by the critical assessment of the products formed and the toxic effects of these products on the living organisms. Chapter 11 briefed the policies and legislations/regulations adopted by different countries throughout the globe to handle plastic waste. Overall, this book emphasizes the bioremediation of plastic.Finally,Chapter12concludesandsuggestsfuturepracticesforthebioreme- diationoftheplasticwasteinasustainableway.Suggestionsarewelcome,fromthe readerstohelpintheimprovementofideasandproficiencyintheimplementationof the regulations to minimize the generation of plastic waste and in identifying the alternativesoftheplastic. Jammu,India Mohd.Shahnawaz Pune,India ManishaK.Sangale Pune,India AvinashB.Ade Acknowledgment We bow our heads before the Almighty Allah, the most beneficent and most merciful, for his endless blessings on all of us. We are thankful to the Director of theBoardofCollegeand University Development(BCUD),SavitribaiPhulePune University (SPPU), Pune, for their financial assistance. We are highly indebted to Prof. N. P. Malpathak, Head, and Former Heads (Prof. S.S. Bhargava, Prof. S. S. Deokule, Prof. V. R. Gunale, and Prof. B. B. Chaugule) of the Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, for providing us the necessary facilities. WearethankfultoDr.MarieHelenelundandDr.MinnaHakkarainen,Department ofFibreandPolymerTechnology,KTHRoyalInstituteofTechnology,Stockholm, Sweden, and Prof. Dr. K. Kathiresan, Director, CASMB, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, TN, India, for sharing their research with us. We would like to acknowledge the authorities of Central Instrumentation Facility, SPPU, for providing access to SEM, FTIR, and GC-MS facility. The help of Dutech India Laboratories, Pune, India, for testing tensile strength of polythene strips is also acknowledged. The Botanical Survey of India, Western Circle, Pune-411008, is acknowledged for the identification and authentication of sample specimen of the Avicennia marina and for availing library facility. We are also thankful to our M. Sc. student (2015 batch) Mr. Rajkumar Damodhar Kherdekar for his extended effortstomakethechapter7possible.WearehighlyindebtedtoDr.R.Deopurkar, Former Head and Professor, Department of Microbiology, SPPU, Pune, for providing us with departmental facilities. First author is thankful to SPPU, UGC- BSR,UGC-MANF,andDST-SERBN.PDFforprovidingfellowshipsfromtimeto time.ThesecondauthorisalsothankfultoUGC-BSRfortheirfinancialassistancein theformoffellowship. The permission granted by Springer Nature publishing house to reproduce our own published data (Order Number: 4473771230998 and Order Number: 4473770885933), exclusively in Chapters 5, 9, and 10, is dully acknowledged. It isofimmensepleasuretoacknowledgethehelpandsupporttenderedbytheeditorial ix x Acknowledgment andproductionteam(especiallyDr.SawhneyBhavikandMr.JohnRamKumar)of SpringerNature,NewDelhi,India. Lastbutnotleast,wearethankfultoourrespectiveparentsfortheirtrust,loveand supportthroughoutthiswork. MohdShahnawaz(Khakii) ManishaK.Sangale AvinashB.Ade Contents 1 GeneralIntroduction. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 1 1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Bioremediation:NaturalorInduced. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 PurposeofBioremediation.. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 4 1.4 TypesofEnvironmentalWaste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.5 DiscoveryofPlasticSynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.6 AdvantagesofthePlastic. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. 6 1.7 LacunaeintheLiterature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.8 NeedofthePresentBook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 Microplastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 PrimaryMicroplastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3 SecondaryMicroplastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.4 SourcesofMicroplastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.4.1 CityDust. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.4.2 MarineCoatings. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 14 2.4.3 PersonalCareProducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.4.4 PlasticPellets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.4.5 RoadMarkings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.4.6 SyntheticTextiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.4.7 Tyres. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.5 PotentialImpactsofMicroplastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.6 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3 PlasticWasteDisposalandReuseofPlasticWaste. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.2 MostDangerousEnvironmentalWaste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.3 PercentageofPlasticinTotalEnvironmentalWaste atGlobalLevel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.4 FactorsAffectingDegradabilityofthePlastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.4.1 ChemicalComposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 xi
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