Bioremediation of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems PDF
Preview Bioremediation of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems
BIOREMEDIATION OF AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS BIOREMEDIATION OF AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS Editors Milton Fingerman RachakondaNagabhushanam Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans, Louisiana 70118 Science Publishers, Inc. Enfield (NH) Plymouth, UK SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, INC. Post Office Box 699 Enfield, New Hampshire 03748 United States of America Internet site: http://www.scipub.net [email protected] (marketing department) [email protected] (editorial department) [email protected] (for all other enquiries) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bioremediation of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem / editors, Milton Fingerman, Rachakonda Nagabhushanam. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-57808-364-8 1. Bioremediation. I. Fingerman, Milton,1928- II. Nagabhushanam, Rachakonda. TD192.5B55735 2005 628.5--dc22 © 2005, Copyright Reserved All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way or trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Published by Science Publishers, Inc., NH, USA Printed in India. Preface Bioremediation, the use of microorganisms, by virtue of their biocon- centrating and metabolic properties, to degrade, sequester, or remove environmental contaminants, has about a 45-year history. Such uses of microorganisms for this purpose now involve freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments. Bioremediation is a multidisciplinary area of knowledge and expertise that involves basic and applied science. Microbiologists, chemists, toxicologists, environmental engineers, molecular biologists, and ecologists have made major contributions to this subject. The use of microorganisms to clean up polluted areas is increasingly drawing attention because of the high likelihood that such bioremediation efforts will indeed attain the effectiveness in the environment that laboratory investigations have indicated would be the case. Among the current broad array of research efforts in bioremediation are some directed toward identifying organisms that possess the ability to degrade specific pollutants. With such organisms, which have already been identified, studies are being conducted to identify the mechanisms whereby heavy metals are concentrated and sequestered. There are also ongoing efforts to tailor microorganisms through genetic engineering for specific cleanup activities. Herein, specifically, are chapters, among others, that are devoted to petroleum spill bioremediation, bioremediation of heavy metals, the use of genetically engineered microorganisms in bioremediation, the use of microbial surfactants for soil remediation, and phytoremediation using constructed treatment wetlands. A broad-based approach to bioreme- diation of aquatic and terrestrial habitats, as exemplified by the chapters herein, is required because of the wide variety of contaminants that are now present in these ecosystems. This volume, which presents the most recent information on bioremediation, was written by a highly talented group of scientists who are not only able to communicate very effectively through their writing, but are also responsible for many of the advances that are described herein. We, the editors, have been most fortunate in attracting a highly talented, internationally respected group of investigators to serve as authors. We intentionally set out to present a truly international scope to this volume. vi BIOREMEDIATION OF AQUATIC & TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM Consequently, appropriate authors from several countries were sought, and to everyone’s benefit, our invitations to contribute were accepted. We take pleasure in thanking the authors for their cooperation and excellent contributions, and for keeping to the publication schedule. The efforts of these individuals made our task much less difficult than it might have been. Also, we especially wish to thank our wives, Maria Esperanza Fingerman and Rachakonda Sarojini, for their constant and undimi- nishing encouragement and support during the production of this volume. We trust that you, the readers, will agree with us that the efforts of the authors of the chapters in this volume will serve collectively to provide a major thrust toward a better understanding of environmental bio- remediation and what must be done to improve the health of our planet. Milton Fingerman Rachakonda Nagabhushanam Contents Preface v The Contributors ix Molecular Techniques of Xenobiotic-Degrading Bacteria and 1 Their Catabolic Genes in Bioremediation K. Inoue, J. Widada, T. Omori and H. Nojiri Genetic Engineering of Bacteria and Their Potential for 31 Bioremediation David B. Wilson Commercial Use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) 41 in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation David J. Glass Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Using Microorganisms 97 Pierre Le Cloirec and Yves Andrès Guidance for the Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Wetlands, 141 Marshes, and Marine Shorelines Albert D. Venosa and Xueqing Zhu Bioremediation of Petroleum Contamination 173 Ismail M.K. Saadoun and Ziad Deeb Al-Ghzawi Bioremediation of BTEX Hydrocarbons 213 (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene) Hanadi S. Rifai Remediating RDX and HMX Contaminated Soil and Water 263 Steve Comfort Microbial Surfactants and Their Use in Soil Remediation 311 Nick Christofi and Irena Ivshina viii BIOREMEDIATION OF AQUATIC & TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM Phytoremediation Using Constructed Treatment 329 Wetlands: An Overview Alex J. Horne and Maia Fleming-Singer Engineering of Bioremediation Processes: A Critical Review 379 Lisa C. Strong and Lawrence P. Wackett Index 397 The Contributors Ziad Deeb Al-Ghzawi Department of Civil Engineering College of Engineering Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid-22110, Jordan Yves Andrès Ecole des Mines de Nantes GEPEA UMR CNRS 6144 BP 20722, 4 rue Alfred Kastler 44307 Nantes cedex 03, France Nick Christofi Pollution Research Unit School of Life Sciences Napier University 10 Colinton Road Edinburgh, EH10 5DT Scotland, United Kingdom Steve Comfort School of Natural Resources University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0915, USA Maia Fleming-Singer Ecological Engineering Group Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA David J. Glass D. Glass Associates, Inc., and Applied PhytoGenetics, Inc. 124 Bird Street Needham, Massachusetts 02492, USA
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