Bioremediation for Environmental Sustainability: Toxicity, Mechanisms of Contaminants Degradation, Detoxification and Challenges

666 Pages·2020·19.625 MB·English

by  Gaurav Saxena, Vineet Kumar, Maulin P. Shah

Bioremediation for
Environmental
Sustainability
Toxicity, Mechanisms of
Contaminants Degradation,
Detoxification, and Challenges
Bioremediation for
Environmental
Sustainability
Toxicity, Mechanisms of
Contaminants Degradation,
Detoxification, and Challenges
Edited by
Gaurav Saxena
Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, School of Life and
Allied Sciences, Baba Farid Institute of Technology, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand, India
Vineet Kumar
Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory,
School of Environmental Sciences,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
Department of Environmental Microbiology,
School of Environmental Sciences,
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (A Central) University,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Maulin P. Shah
Researcher, Environmental Microbiology Lab, Gujarat, India
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This book is truly dedicated to our parents for their unfailing
patience, contagious love, forgiveness, selflessness, endless
support and nurturing and educating me to the date.
Without them, I wouldn’t be the person I am today.
Gaurav Saxena
Vineet Kumar
Maulin P. Shah
Contents
List ofcontributors..............................................................................................xxiii
Editor biographies.................................................................................................xxix
Preface...............................................................................................................xxxiii
Acknowledgements..............................................................................................xxxv
SECTION I Introduction to bioremediation
CHAPTER 1 Bioremediation: principles and applications in
environmental management.........................................3
Bhawna Tyagi and Naveen Kumar
1.1 Introduction....................................................................................3
1.2 Principles ofbioremediation..........................................................4
1.2.1 Microorganisms used inbioremediation............................5
1.3 Types ofbioremediation................................................................6
1.3.1 In situ bioremediation.........................................................6
1.3.2 Ex situ bioremediation......................................................10
1.3.3 Phytoremediation..............................................................12
1.4 Advantages and disadvantages ofbioremediation......................15
1.5 Factors affecting bioremediation.................................................15
1.5.1 Scientific orenvironmental factors..................................16
1.5.2 Nontechnical factors.........................................................18
1.6 Application of bioremediation in environmental management...18
1.6.1 Bioremediation oforganic pollutant.................................18
1.6.2 Bioremediation ofmetal...................................................19
1.6.3 Bioremediation ofpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.....19
1.6.4 Bioremediation ofrubberwaste.......................................20
1.6.5 Bioremediation ofagricultural waste...............................20
1.7 Biotechnology andbioremediation..............................................20
1.7.1 Application ofgeneticallyengineered microbes..............21
1.7.2 Application ofmolecular probe and biosensors...............22
1.7.3 Application ofbiosurfactant.............................................22
1.8 Future aspects ofthe bioremediation technique..........................23
1.9 Conclusion....................................................................................23
References....................................................................................24
vii
viii Contents
CHAPTER 2 Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated
soils: recent advances, challenges, and future
prospects.....................................................................29
AmbujMishra
2.1 Introduction..................................................................................29
2.2 Heavy metal:pollution andtoxicityprofile................................30
2.3 Phytoremediation strategies for heavy metal-contaminated
soils...............................................................................................31
2.3.1 Phytostabilization..............................................................32
2.3.2 Phytovolatilization............................................................32
2.3.3 Phytoextraction.................................................................33
2.3.4 Rhizofiltration...................................................................34
2.3.5 Phytodegradation...............................................................34
2.4 Metal hyperaccumulating plants and selection criteria...............34
2.4.1 Selection criteriafor hyperaccumulatorplantspecies.....34
2.4.2 Metal hyperaccumulating plants.......................................35
2.5 Mechanism of heavy metalsphytoremediation...........................36
2.6 Meritsand demerits ofphytoremediation....................................40
2.6.1 Merits................................................................................40
2.6.2 Demerits............................................................................40
2.7 Advances inphytoremediationtechnology.................................41
2.7.1 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation..................................41
2.7.2 Chelate-assisted phytoextraction......................................42
2.7.3 Eletrokinetic phytoremediation.........................................42
2.7.4 Nanophytoremediation......................................................42
2.7.5 Phytomining......................................................................43
2.8 Challenges and future prospects..................................................43
2.8.1 Challengesin phytoremediation ofheavy metals............43
2.8.2 Future prospects................................................................44
2.9 Conclusions..................................................................................44
Acknowledgments.......................................................................45
References....................................................................................45
SECTION II Bioremediation of inorganic contaminants
CHAPTER 3 Advances in bioremediation of hexavalent
chromium: cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and
microbial alleviation strategies for
environmental safety..................................................55
PabloMarcelo Ferna´ndez,SilvanaCarolina Vin˜arta,
Anah´ıRomina Bernal and LuciaIne´s
Castellanosde Figueroa
Contents ix
3.1 Chromium.....................................................................................55
3.2 Chromium(VI) and itsbiological effects.....................................56
3.2.1 Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity...........................................56
3.3 Heavy metals mitigation strategies..............................................57
3.3.1 Biosorption mechanism....................................................58
3.4 Microbial remediation capacity ofhexavalentchromium..........60
3.4.1 Bacterial remediation........................................................60
3.5 Future outlook..............................................................................64
Acknowledgments.......................................................................65
References....................................................................................65
CHAPTER 4 Arsenic: environmental contamination, health
hazards, and bioremediation approaches for
detoxification..............................................................73
IzharulHaq, Anshu Singh and Ajay SKalamdhad
4.1 Introduction..................................................................................73
4.2 Sourcesof arsenic........................................................................74
4.2.1 Natural sources..................................................................74
4.2.2 Anthropogenicsources......................................................75
4.3 Environmental contamination......................................................75
4.3.1 Statusof arsenic contamination........................................76
4.4 Arsenic toxicity............................................................................78
4.4.1 Health effects....................................................................78
4.5 Biological approaches for the removal of arsenic.......................79
4.5.1 Resistance towards arsenic...............................................79
4.5.2 Microbial removal of arsenic............................................80
4.6 Conclusion....................................................................................83
References....................................................................................84
CHAPTER 5 Potential application of endophytes in
bioremediation of heavy metals and organic
pollutants and growth promotion: mechanism,
challenges, and future prospects..............................91
Jai Prakash
5.1 Introduction..................................................................................91
5.2 Phytoremediation..........................................................................93
5.3 Endophytes...................................................................................94
5.4 Remediation oforganic pollutants byendophytes......................95
5.5 Remediation ofheavy metal pollutantsbyendophytes..............96
5.6 Mechanisms ofendophytes in remediationofheavy metals
and organic pollutants..................................................................98
5.6.1 Phytohormones production...............................................99
x Contents
5.6.2 Siderophoreproduction...................................................108
5.6.3 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase.....109
5.7 Molecular approaches for remediation of pollutants by
endophytes..................................................................................109
5.8 Advantages anddisadvantages...................................................111
5.9 Challenges ofendophytes in remediationofsoil pollutants.....111
5.10 Conclusion and future prospects................................................112
Acknowledgment.......................................................................113
References..................................................................................113
CHAPTER 6 Fungi: a promising tool for bioremediation
of toxic heavy metals................................................123
SurabhiSingh, Pamela Jhaand Renitta Jobby
6.1 Introduction................................................................................123
6.2 Heavy metals: types, sources, andeffects.................................125
6.2.1 Sources ofheavy metals and their toxic effects.............125
6.3 Need for bioremediation............................................................127
6.4 Metal(cid:1)fungi interactions...........................................................128
6.4.1 Biosorption......................................................................132
6.4.2 Bioaccumulation.............................................................132
6.4.3 Biomineralization............................................................133
6.4.4 Biotransformation...........................................................133
6.5 Use of dead fungalbiomass.......................................................134
6.6 Fungal bioremediation: the future.............................................135
6.7 Conclusion..................................................................................135
References..................................................................................136
CHAPTER 7 Phytoremediation of mercury in soils impacted
by gold mining: a case-study of Colombia..............145
Siday Marrugo-Madrid,MartaTurull, German Enamorado
Montes, Mario Vin˜aPico, Jose Luis Marrugo-Negrete and
Sergi D´ıez
7.1 Introduction................................................................................145
7.2 Artisanaland small-scale gold miningin Colombia.................146
7.3 Phytoremediation of mercury-contaminated soils.....................147
7.3.1 Phytoextraction studies inColombia..............................150
7.3.2 Case-study:assessment ofa phytoremediation
process ofmercury-contaminated soils by artisanal
andsmall-scale gold miningusing Jatropha curcas,
innorthern Colombia......................................................151
References..................................................................................155
Contents xi
SECTION III Bioremediation of Organic Contaminants
CHAPTER 8 Enzymatic degradation of lignocellulosic waste:
bioremediation and industrial implementation........163
ManishKumar, V. Vivekanand and NidhiPareek
8.1 Introduction................................................................................163
8.2 Lignocellulosic waste.................................................................163
8.2.1 Lignin..............................................................................164
8.2.2 Cellulose..........................................................................165
8.2.3 Hemicellulose..................................................................166
8.3 Lignocellulolyticenzymes.........................................................166
8.3.1 Lignin-modifying enzymes.............................................166
8.3.2 Hemicellulase..................................................................172
8.3.3 Arabinanase.....................................................................173
8.4 Recent advancement in the biodegradation of
lignocellulosic wastes.................................................................175
8.5 Rot fungi inbiodegradation oflignocellulosic waste...............176
8.6 Industrialapplication..................................................................177
8.6.1 Enzyme production.........................................................177
8.6.2 Animalfeed.....................................................................177
8.6.3 Antioxidant production...................................................179
8.6.4 Biofuel production..........................................................180
8.7 Conclusion..................................................................................182
References..................................................................................182
CHAPTER 9 Environmental hazards and biodegradation
of plastic waste: challenges and future
prospects...................................................................193
Rachana Singh, Naveen kumar, Tithi Mehrotra,
Kavya Bisaria and Surbhi Sinha
9.1 Introduction................................................................................193
9.2 Classification ofplastics............................................................195
9.2.1 Nonbiodegradable plastics..............................................195
9.2.2 Biodegradable plastics....................................................195
9.3 Environmental pollution and health hazards fromplastic
waste...........................................................................................197
9.4 Methods for plastic degradation................................................200
9.4.1 Photooxidativedegradation............................................200
9.4.2 Thermal degradation.......................................................200
9.4.3 Catalytic degradation......................................................201
9.4.4 Biodegradation................................................................201
xii Contents
9.5 Futureprospects.........................................................................206
9.6 Conclusion..................................................................................207
References..................................................................................207
CHAPTER 10 Biosurfactant-enhanced bioremediation of
petroleum hydrocarbons: potential issues,
challenges, and future prospects............................215
M.S.Dhanya
10.1 Introduction................................................................................215
10.2 Microbes andbiosurfactant production.....................................216
10.3 Biosurfactant aspotential agent for hydrocarbon
bioremediation............................................................................217
10.3.1 Lower surface tension...................................................217
10.3.2 Low criticalmicelle concentration...............................217
10.3.3 Increasesolubility.........................................................218
10.3.4 Emulisification power...................................................218
10.3.5 Low toxicity..................................................................218
10.3.6 Enhancing biodegradability..........................................219
10.3.7 Chemicalstability at extremeenvironmental
conditions......................................................................219
10.3.8 Biodegradability............................................................219
10.4 Characteristics ofbiosurfactants................................................220
10.4.1 Types ofbiosurfactants.................................................221
10.5 Genetic mechanism ofbiosurfactant production in
hydrocarbon degradation............................................................224
10.6 Biosurfactant-mediated bioremediation.....................................225
10.7 Commercial productionof biosurfactants.................................228
10.8 Challenges inbiosurfactant commercialization.........................228
10.8.1 Economic constraints....................................................228
10.8.2 Technical constraints....................................................229
10.8.3 Virulencefactors...........................................................229
10.8.4 Variation inbiosurfactant activity inin-situ
applications...................................................................229
10.8.5 Antagonistic effect on other beneficialmicrobes........229
10.8.6 Inability toculture novel biosurfactant producing
strains............................................................................230
10.9 Strategies for improvement of biosurfactant production...........230
10.9.1 Optimizationofgrowthconditions...............................231
10.9.2 Improvement in downstream processing......................234
10.9.3 Strategiesfor strain improvement................................235
10.10 Conclusion..................................................................................236
References..................................................................................236